Essay on Creative Writing The Fall of Black Tide

The fall of Black tide. The cold metal taste in mouth and the dripping siliva on the pillow. The time, the mechanical ticking of time outside, oh why cant everybody just shut up for 5 more minuts. Casey turned and burried his head below his set of pillows. She stood there looking at her brother, sweating in the bed. She could see that the years have been gentle to him and he didnt have any clear burns or further sympthoms of the sun. Casey was not big but rather small and seeing him lying and turning as if climbing and conquering a mountain made her feel uncomfortable. She turned to the right and she could see her tighs, her curves in the mirror and it made her feel sick inside. No matter how much she didnt eat, she was†¦show more content†¦The air is not good for her and.., she hesitated. First, ill go find out what the commotion is all about and then i visit grams. By the way you want to go to Mdina? I will make the horse ready, she answered leaving the room. Casey was the third hair to the Attard lineage but he wasnt acting as it. Frequently meddling and being among the common people. Karla wondered why as a man he felt he had all the freedom he wanted. All of her brothers were handsome and spoiled but Casey was different. Despite enjoying the luxeries he despised them. What about the time that Casey emptied the whole kitchen of its food and brought it to the square. What about it?, she said out loud. She moved from room to room collecting bits and pieces she would need for her day. The Family seal that she both had as an embleem on her clothes and a medallion was a source of symbolic wealth and security. She was not to be touched. She quickly walked out of the huge house and saw Casey talking to the stable boy. His fearful eyes portrayed a complex frightening, that she was eager to avoid. When the boy say the lady he lowered his head and his eyes. You hear that sister, the townsfolk has gone mad. Why what has happened? They want to purge this island of all Africans, he said with concern. Down below the hill they could hear the beating rhytm of drums and chanting. Karla never heard of the word purge, but was sure it was inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of `` Still I Rise, And Welty s `` A Worn Path ``1149 Words   |  5 Pagesapproach for African-Americans to demonstrate their humanity and an ability for creative invention and imaginary thought. Writing later developed into an instrument through which African-Americans could voice not only their rejection of institutionalized racism and slavery but also their desire for equality and freedom. African-American literature continues to be a method in countering the incompetence or misrepresentation of black people in history. Two prominent female writers during this era were MayaRead MoreThematic Study on A.K.Ramanujans Poetry2684 Words   |  11 Pagesonly a poet but also the greatest translator. He is famous for his translations rather than other creative works. His Major Works: An astonished classic Ramanujan has written numerous poems. They were gathered and put in four volumes under one title The Collected Poems. Of these four volumes The Striders, Relations, and Second Sight were published in his life time. His fourth collection The Black Hen was published after his life time in 1995. He is a transnational figure and trans-disciplinaryRead MoreCreativity in Advertising15483 Words   |  62 Pagesetc. by using phrases â€Å"Don’t delay†, â€Å"Buy now†, â€Å"sale†, â€Å"Limited Stock†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦etc. action is generated. * CHAPTER 2. * ADVERTISING AGENCY. 2.1 What advertising agency represent? * An independent business organization. * Composed of creative people. * Who develop, prepare and place ads in advertising media; * For seller seeking to find customers for their goods and services. Advertising agency offers specialized services to its clients by charging certainRead More Heroism, Magic and Retribution in Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit2202 Words   |  9 Pagesresult he revealed himself to Sauron the Dark Lord. This lord of evil and chaos then sent the mighty flying Nazgul, a winged ringwraith, to soar over their camp that night, causing a potential dilemma for the companions. At first the globe was dark, black jet, with the moonlight gleaming on its surface. Then there came a faint glow and stir in the heart of it, and it held his eyes, so that now he could not look away. (247) The most fascinating things happen when dealing with magic and the most unexpectedRead More Bob Dylan Essay3671 Words   |  15 Pagesmusician whose monumental contribution to contemporary music had occurred nearly thirty years prior to this evening. After a brief introduction the lights were dimmed and all attention was directed to a slight, haggard-looking gentleman dress ed in black. He faced the audience solemnly holding a guitar, his eyes hidden behind dark sunglasses. Behind him a band began whaling a tantric and ferocious melody, yet not an eye shifted from the prophet who stood before them. Come you masters of war YouRead MoreEssay about The Life of Abraham Lincoln2496 Words   |  10 PagesIllinois from the start. As the Whigs rose in stature throughout the 1830s, so did Lincoln, but not without paying his dues along the way.For eighty days in the spring and early summer of 1832 Lincoln served in the military. On a constant search for Black Hawk, war leader of the Sauk and Fox Indians, he never saw any fighting but he did prove to be a superior leader of men in some of the most trying situations, including threats of desertion. quot;In return for his eleven and a half weeks of serviceRead MoreTable Mountain National Park and Cape Town4533 Words   |  19 PagesReality check aside, Cape Town is an old pro at showing visitors a good time. There may not be game parks on Krugers scale, but there are plenty of great wildlife-spotting opportunities, from the penguins at Boulders to the antelopes, buffaloes and black rhino at Solole Game Reserve. The restaurants and bars compare favourably with those of other cosmopolitan cities. Theres a lively cultural scene, particularly when it comes to music, w hich pervades every corner of the city, and if outdoor activitiesRead MoreDesigning a Customer Driven Statergy23698 Words   |  95 Pagescraftspeople; supervisors; operatives; farmers; retired; students; homemakers; unemployed Grade school or less; some high school; high school graduate; some college; college graduate Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, other Asian, Hispanic, Black, White Baby boomer, Generation X, Generation Y North American, South American, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese Psychographic Social class Lifestyle Personality Lower lowers, upper lowers, working class, middle class, upper middles, lowerRead MoreWho Goes with Fergus11452 Words   |  46 Pagesbroken man,† he will have to be satisfied with writing about his heart, although for his entire life (â€Å"Winter and summer till old age began†) he had played with elaborate, showy poetic themes that paraded like â€Å"circus animals†: â€Å"Those stilted boys, that burnished chariot, / Lion and woman and the Lord knows what.† [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]What can he do, he wonders, but list his old themes in the absence of a new one? He remembers writing of a â€Å"sea-rider† named Oisin, who traveled throughRead MorePopulation Problem in Bangladesh14871 Words   |  60 PagesReasoning..................................................................................................... 16 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 17 Overcoming Bad Essay Writing Habits ....................................................... 18 Epilogue: In Praise of Banglish Essays........................................................ 19 Bibliography......................................................................

Racism and Adversity in Professional Baseball - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1849 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/27 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Baseball Essay Racism Essay Did you like this example? Baseball is known as Americas favorite pastime. Incorporating baseball to a sociological perspective, you can begin to understand how the game is viewed to function in the society in which it is played, and how society impacts the game. Northern American sports has suffered immensely from the division, labels, and stereotypes that have been encrypted on specific individuals of a certain race or ethnicity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racism and Adversity in Professional Baseball" essay for you Create order Relating to the fact that adversity and racism are at a direct conflict within our society, 42 represents the pride and courage of a discriminated African American baseball player, who stood as a sign for racial progression in America. Both sport and race are sociologically problematic because they appear to be crucial aspects of human life that precedes our socialization. 42 was about an African American man, Jackie Robinson, who gets signed to play professional baseball under the Dodgers. The film takes place in the generation in which America was largely segregated and racism plagued the entire country. This generation was known to be during the 40s and 50s. Although this was a factor, Jackie never doubted his ability and strength, and he kept his head held high while pursuing his passion for baseball without physically fighting against racism. Jackie Robinsons strength against all racism related obstacles showed America how wrong they were in their ways. It shines a light on the national conflict of racial integration of American professional baseball. After World War II, African Americans would come home to racial segregation, inequality, discrimination, and a time where their life would be more difficult than ever in their communities. Jackie Robinson, like many other African American athletes at the time, were deprived opportunities that contrib uted to the equity issue in the sports world and was racially discriminated. Robinson pursued a passion of his regardless of the hatred that he got in return. He represented courage and integrity to the defeat of adversarial stereotypes on black individuals. At the start of the movie, Jackie braves the hostility of racial prejudice on and off the field of the unspoken color line, from player and fan alike. Branch Rickey, a major league team executive with a bold idea once states, a black a man in white baseball, can you imagine the reaction (Movie 42). This quote represents the whole idea behind 42 and the reactions are simply the acceptance and disproval of those being influenced by Jackies position in society. This hostility proves a major challenge not just for Jackie anymore, but his family. The main plot of 42 is not one single idea. From time to time, people try to treat the across nation debate about race as something with no importance, less about hatred and violence, and more about people simply not being careful with the words or pictures they use. Those who see racism in different ways are accused of practicing political correctness, which has become a pejorative term in society instead of a reminder that people should want to act correctly. The history of racism in America is full of ugliness and horror. This ugliness was practiced openly, even in the American temple that we call the ballpark. This movie shows that, not so long ago, racism was commonplace and often accepted. It took a few men to stand up to a racial coach, to stand up for Jackie, and to stand up against the racial like words that forced people to consider both the nature and cost of hate. Jackie Robinson was more eager to make a point about individual determination and the way individuals and societies can change. Robinson was a sign of racial progress in American for his braveness in the face of bitter abuse. The idea that baseball is known as Americas favorite pastime allows us to crucially investigate the nationalism of the sport. Baseball was used as a symbol of American values in World War II by promoting patriotism (Fitts,1994, p.76). Northern American sports have always been a part of a division based on the color of ones skin and this sheds an intense impact on our society. Baseball sociology is a way of viewing how the game functions in the society in which it is played, and how society impacts the game. Racism and adversity in baseball relate to sports sociology through the investigation of racial discrimination on issues of equity and opportunity to measure the degree of meritocracy in sports. Sociologists have used cultural studies, ideology in sports media text, and ethnographic methods to understand how racial identity is constructed in sports and its intersections with class, nation, gender, and sexuality. Sociological issues are throughout the entire movie, one focusing on the gender aspect. Gender roles were seen in the movie when Jackie was constantly taunted by other coaches through unfair racist remarks. According to 42, the coach justified his action with insensitivity and not wanting to treat him too soft. This could be seen as reinforcing masculinity as men are seen as masculine, and showing weakness to a black individual at the time was wrong. Society puts this social idea in our heads of what is masculine or feminine, and what is acceptable or not. Sociologists have studied the rise and then decline of African American players in the sports world. They have analyzed racial salary differences and the longevity of a career and documented how broadcasting and management positions are primarily white. A large sociological belief shows that African Americans are minimized through placement in decentralized positions. Relating to the movie 42, Jackie Robinson was the only black player on the Dodgers baseball team and represented racial division on sports teams, and this national accomplishment promoted more African Americans to pursue what they love no matter what racial harms were to come out of it. Out of respect for their teammates, baseball players that come from all over the world, especially the Dominican Republic, undertake the learning of the lyrics for the national anthem because Americans hold great value for the nati ons symbols of the land of the free. From massive new data available on pitchers, weve learned that umpires are more likely to widen the strike zone for white pitchers rather than minorities (Gamson,1964, p.70). This not only represents the racial inequality that still continues to live in the baseball world today but also, the stigmas that other stakeholders put on African Americans. In the end, the jobs of umpires are being expressed in the wrong way by treating African Americans unfairly, with disproportionate equality based on the color of ones skin in what is supposed to be a fair game. Stadiums are prime spots to engage in the study of cathedrals of consumption. At games, fans become a spectacle by cheering on teams, singing along to music, and engaging in provided audience games (Kahn,1991, p.402). We become accustomed to what we support and largely engage in within our social groups in society. Continuing with social problems in professional baseball, the video includes spectator violence, cheating by players and officials, and greed of owners and players. Throughout the movie, spectator violence played a huge part in racial discrimination. Fans would yell out the n-word and speak wi th the highest level of cruelty to show that they arent in favor of African Americans playing on the same team as white people. Families in the crowd would bring their kids and these young children would start yelling the n-word or things like you dont belong here because they copy what their parents do. Cheating was a big social problem in the sports world because of being a different race from everyone else. Officials would call Jackie out at first base after clearly being safe, just because of his skin color. These multifaceted issues influenced both society and sport as a whole. Sociological issues that are still widely known but are not shown in the movie 42 includes gambling, crime by athletes, drug enhancement, and the media. Gambling has remained an issue of concern to the MLB for many years. According to Fitts, gamblers interest in baseball pre-dated the Civil War, and more bets were placed on MLB games than any other collective sport in the nation (Fitts,1994, p.79). Crime by athletes is more prone to happen because they seem to have an easier chance to get away with things. Athletes hold a higher position in society and this fact allows them to have the ability to commit a crime without the worry of being punished. Such crimes could include taking drugs to enhance your performance or to create a bulkier look in the sport, just to gain a greater advantage than someone not taking steroids. A sociological issue that has a huge impact on the sports world is the media. Media in baseball changes fans views on some topics and puts labels on athletes. In the end, media changes the beauty of the actual game. Sports viewership varies by gender. Mens sports that are typically viewed live or on television include football, basketball, hockey, baseball, and while the womens sports that area covered include gymnastics, skiing, and diving. People would say sexism plays a role in the idea that mens sports are covered more often than womens sports both in print and on television. After watching 42, I have learned the importance of equality and leadership. The importance of equality and leadership are crucial factors in this movie. People cannot change without making a sacrifice. The sacrifice isnt always tangible, but rather a change to how a person views themselves, or the world. In the movie 42, as with most change that happens in the world, different groups display different attitudes; some welcome him and treat him with equal fairness. For those who struggle, it is because Robinsons arrival challenges their sense of belonging and understanding of their own personal identity. Having learned and being influenced by these two factors, I can relate them to the class, textbook, and articles that I engage with. Like class discussions and textbook or online resources, the importance of equality and leadership is in almost every unit we learn about. Equality is what shapes us as a society and leadership is what encourages us to stand up for what we believe in. As an example, in class, we have discussed many positions of inequality that are incorporated in the sports world between men versus women, black versus white, or sports versus media. In the face of opposition, change requires personal courage and an ability to live with discomfort. In the movie 42, there was a very powerful scene between a teammate and Jackie. Robinson receives a folder full of death threats against himself and says, I just want to play ball coach. When teammate Pee Wee turns up at the next game, he makes a show by putting his arm around Robinsons shoulders to show his family and friends in the crowd what he stands for. This sacrifice represented the fight for equality and the importance behind the movie. One day, we will no longer see the world with divided lenses, but we will participate solely for the love of the game with a shared spirit of powerful group morale.

Hrm- Training Need Analysis Free Essays

Training Needs Analysis Purpose A Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is used to assess an organization’s training needs. The root of the TNA is the gap analysis. This is an assessment of the gap between the knowledge, skills and attitudes that the people in the organization currently possess and the knowledge, skills and attitudes that they require to meet the organization’s objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm- Training Need Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The training needs assessment is best conducted up front, before training solutions are budgeted, designed and delivered. The output of the needs analysis will be a document that specifies why, what, who, when, where and how. More specifically, the document will need to answer these questions: why do people need the training? what skills need imparting? who needs the training? when will they need the new skills? where may the training be conducted? and how may the new skills be imparted? There are so many ways for conducting a Training Needs Analysis, depending on your situation. One size does not fit all. Is the purpose of the needs assessment to: lead in to a design of a specific purpose improvement initiative (e. g. customer complaint reduction) enable the design of the organization’s training calendar identify training and development needs of individual staff during the performance appraisal cycle †¦ and so on and so on. In clarifying the purpose of the TNA, consider the scope of the TNA. Is it to determine training needs: at the organization level? at the project level for a specific project? or at the department level for specific employees? Your answer to these questions will dictate: who will conduct the TNA how the TNA will be conducted, and what data sources will be used Training Needs Analysis Method Below are three scenarios in which you may find yourself wanting to conduct a Training Needs Analysis. This is not an exhaustive treatment, however, it will give you some tips on what to do. Employee Performance Appraisal In many organizations, each employee’s manager discusses training and development needs during the final part of the performance appraisal discussion. This method suits where training needs are highly varied amongst individual employees. Typically, the manager constructs an employee Performance Development Plan in collaboration with the employee being appraised. The Plan takes into consideration: the organization’s strategies and plans agreed employee goals and targets the employee’s performance results the employee’s role description feedback from internal/external customers and stakeholders, and the employee’s stated career aspirations The employee’s completed Performance Development Plan should document the area that requires improvement, the actual development activity, resource requirements, expected outcomes and an agreed time frame in which the development outcome will be achieved. Check out our Training Management Template Pack for a customizable Performance Development Plan and instructions for use. You may find some commonality amongst individual training and development needs identified in the various performance appraisals. In this case, it may pay the organization to review and classify each of the needs and convert them into appropriate training courses (or other interventions). The next step is to prioritize their importance and aggregate the results so that you end up with a list of courses and participant numbers against each. Then negotiate a delivery schedule that fits in with managers/supervisors and employees whilst keeping an eye on your budget. Improvement Project Most, if not all, improvement projects have some employee training associated with them. Examples of improvement projects include planned and structured attempts to reduce the incidence of product defects, increase sales volume and decrease the number of customer complaints. Here, the Training Needs Analysis begins by clarifying the measurable organizational improvement targets and the employee behaviors required to meet these targets. For example, the organization might set a target of a 50 percent reduction in customer complaints by the end of the year. Employee behaviors required to achieve this target might be: empathetic listening to customer complaints regular follow up of complaint resolution †¦ and so on. To get to this point, though, the cause of the underperformance needs to be determined through a series of structured questions. If there is no one else to perform this initial diagnosis, you as the training professional may be called upon to do this job. A performance consulting approach can help you here. With this approach, the person doing the diagnosis first asks managers to identify their problems in concrete terms. Next, possible causes and solutions are discussed and training solutions identified, where appropriate. To do this successfully, the performance consultant needs to be well-versed in process improvement methods and employee motivation theory and practice. For small projects, you can use a simple employee performance flow chart in working with managers to help identify the cause of performance deficiencies. Where training is identified as an appropriate solution or as part of the solution, we then recommend that you work through a training needs analysis questionnaire with the appropriate stakeholders. This will give you the information you need to move to the training program design phase. An effective training needs analysis questionnaire worksheet will cover at least the following areas: The results from these structured interviews are then written up in a formal document, along with the answers to the other questions raised above. Check out our Training Projects Template Pack for an example of a customizable training needs analysis template that you can download today. The results of the TNA are then fed into the next phase of the instructional systems design life cycle; the high-level design of the training program. Following all of the above is of course more time consuming than getting a simple wish-list from managers and delivering a smorgasbord of training courses. However, by using a structured approach, you will avoid the 80 percent wastage of resources that any companies experience in delivering programs that don’t truly fit their needs. Constructing a Training Calendar When constructing an annual training calendar, be wary of simply asking managers what training they want delivered. Assessing training needs this way, you will most probably get a wish list with little connection to the real needs of the organization. When the time comes and they and their workers are pressed for time, you may fi nd it difficult to fill seats. Training is expensive, and there is no better method for wasting your scare training dollars. Why is this so? We find that many managers are not skilled in identifying which of their problems can be solved by training and which cannot. For a training calendar to be effective, it needs to be tailored for your specific organization’s real needs. Ask your managers what training they need. However, make sure you engage them in constructive dialog about what their real problems are and which of them can realistically be addressed through training. If the performance shortfall is a one-off problem, such as an increasing number of customer complaints, it may be more effective and cost efficient to address the issue on an improvement project basis. Training calendars are best suited to repeatable and regular demand, such as refresher skills training for infrequently performed technical tasks and for new recruits joining the organization. In these cases, review what training is required on a regular basis and look at what new recruits need to be proficient at soon after they join your organization. Generally speaking, consult with your management team by checking off which of the following areas require inclusion in your training calendar: management, leadership and supervision skills oft skills, such as communication and conflict resolution environment, health and safety human resource processes, such as performance management business skills, such as strategy, planning and process improvement technical line and staff skills such as telephone etiquette and inventory management In constructing your training calendar, we suggest you also consider looking at one or more of the data sources listed in the next section. Once you have composed your list of courses, assess demand for each course and the required frequency, all the while, keeping an eye on your budget. With a limited budget, we suggest you get your management team to help you assess priorities. Data Sources In conducting your training needs analysis, you may have a variety of data sources available to you. Which data sources you use will depend on a number of factors. These factors include: the amount of time you have available the human resources you have available he level of accuracy you require the reliability of each data source the accessibility of each data source The data sources that you have available may include: interviews/surveys with supervisors/managers interviews/surveys with employees employee performance appraisal documents organization’s strategic planning documents organization/department operational plans organization/department key performance indicators customer complaints critical incidents product/servic e quality data For example, if you are considering providing training in project management to project managers, you may want to interview the prospective participants, the project managers, and their managers on what problems they are facing. It may also pay to review planning and procedural documents to ascertain what project management methodology and tools your organization is using, or is planning on using. Data sources that may show light on where the training needs to focus the most are project performance data and post-implementation reviews. Which sources you will actually use and how much time and effort you expend on each will depend on your particular circumstances. Needless to say, there is no magic formula and you will need to exercise a fair amount of judgment in most cases. Although there are no hard and fast rules in conducting a Training Needs Analysis, we have outlined above some general guidelines and helpful hints. We can also help you with some practical TNA tools, such as a training needs analysis questionnaire and training needs analysis spreadsheet, in our customizable template packs. How to cite Hrm- Training Need Analysis, Papers

Central Bank Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy free essay sample

Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 5 Internship Report 1. Introduction The Central bank of any country plays a vital role in the economy of that country. It plays a major role by being Government’s bank and helps Government in smooth running of economic affairs by maintaining the price stability in the system. Historically, the role of the Central bank was to print money, hold foreign reserves, formulate monetary policy and act as Lender of Last Resort (LOLR). The beginning of the 1990’s marked the new era in the history of central banks’ roles, when Reserve Bank of New Zealand was granted the clear objective of maintaining the price level stability in the economy with operational independence to achieve this objective. Soon Bank of Australia, England and Canada were granted the same autonomy. But this only objective was confined with central banks of developed countries, whereas central banks in developing countries are performing another role and that is to support growth in the economy. Developing nations’ central banks have since then have shifted their focus in order to achieve these goals. Historical data of Inflation and GDP growth of developing nations suggest that these both goals have not been achieved, if achieved then their sustainability remains short. This may be due to some missing factors like Central Bank’ Independence and autonomy whether in goal setting or in ways through which it achieves its goals. Thus the objective of the study is to find out whether SBP, in its completion of goals is independent or not? And is there any relationship between CBI, macroeconomic variables and effective implementation of monetary policy. Section 1 covers literature review, section 2 of this paper covers definition of CBI, section 3 of the paper explains how CBI is measured; section 4 shows relationship between CBI and economic performance and section 5 concludes the report’s main points. Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 6 Internship Report 2. Literature review Cukierman, Alex, (2005) in his paper Central Bank Independence and Policy Results: Theory and Evidence has put great emphasis on the high level of Central Bank Independence (CBI) and argues that it is the desirable feature of any monetary policy making institute. He states that the most important responsibility of the Central Bank (CB) is to assure price and financial stability and to achieve its main objective the bank should have (a) Instrument independence, (b) bank should not lend to government, (c) bank should have sufficient financial independence and (d) bank’s high officials shall hold posts for longer tenures and they should not work anywhere else in order to avoid conflict of interest. Author further goes on to explain existing relationship between CBI and economic performance in the areas of Inflation, growth, investment and real rates in his paper. Walsh E. Carl, (2005) in Central bank independence prepared for the New Palgrave Dictionary defines CBI as â€Å"the freedom of monetary policymakers from direct political or governmental influence in the conduct of policy†. Carl in the later part of the paper states that many developed countries after 1980’s have granted greater independence to their monetary authorities and these reforms have shown negative correlation between CBI and stable and low inflation rate. In the case of developing countries, he says that there exist positive relationship between CB Governors’ turnover rate and inflation. Paper highlights that critics of the reform movements towards central bank independence have expressed concerns that independence can weaken the accountability of central banks and they should be supervised in their goal setting and implementation process. Alpanda et al. , (2009) in Political monetary cycles and a de facto ranking of central bank independence state that political monetary cycles are less likely to occur, in countries with independent central banks. CB, if independent can resist political pressure exerted to stimulate the economy before elections in the form of increased government spending or tax cuts. Writers further argue that money growth is larger among countries having low CBI in election periods vs. non election periods. Two variables were used to identify occurrence of political monetary cycles i-e M1 and election dates of the national leaders. Alpanda et al. , have ignored the borrowing capacity of government as high capacity of borrowing would Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 7 Internship Report lead to lesser need for distortion in monetary policy. Rankings are therefore derived from the behavior of central banks during election cycles when their independence is likely to be challenged or their lack of independence is likely to be revealed. Siklos L. Pierre, (2008) in â€Å"Does central bank’s independence still matters? † says that the term â€Å"independence† defines the position a monetary authority has in the state of affairs. Author states that CBI has been loosely defined to meet the needs of countries such as turnover rate (TOR) and on other side it has been defined as set of characteristics that are legally defined and show relationship between government and CB. Author argues that CBI is not measured as a single index but is set of dejure and defacto characteristics and of those the optimal level cannot be found. Four elements of each characteristic are selected to convey negative relationship between CBI and inflation. Jeroen et al. , (2009) in their paper â€Å"Inflation and central bank independence: A metaregression analysis† elaborate that many countries granted their monetary authorities greater independence. According to authors, to identify whether there is any relationship between CBI and inflation, one needs an indicator of the extent to which the monetary authorities are independent from politicians. Most empirical studies use either an indicator based on central banks’ laws in place or TOR. Authors suggest that countries with a more independent central bank will, on average, have lower levels of inflation. Billin, (2001) in â€Å"Central bank independence and economic performance in Eastern Europe† writes that both the measures of CBI and of financial market development (FMD) show significant association with macroeconomic variables. Next section of his paper examines both the trends and the economic performance in eight Eastern European countries and the degree of CBI granted after reforms. The author argues that both CBI and FMD may facilitate market reforms by helping to enforce fiscal and financial discipline. Author’s empirical inquiry via correlation analysis suggests positive association of both CBI and FMD with price stability. Jose De Gregorio in his presentation on Central Bank Independence and the Effects of Monetary Policy (2005) says that legal CBI is negatively correlated with inflation in Eastern European and Latin American countries. Furthermore, he goes on to say that legal Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 8 Internship Report independence is precondition to gain credibility in countries where inflation records are poor for independent functioning of the CB. He concludes on the point that narrow pass through of exchange rate to import prices and macro economic performance is positively linked to CBI. Jacome et al. , in their paper â€Å"Any Link Between Legal Central Bank Independence and Inflation† Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean† (2005) have tried to find out negative relationship between legal CBI and inflation. They have used different measures of legal CBI like the rules for the appointment of central banks’ board of directors, the degree of CBI in the conduct of exchange rate policy, rules governing Lender-of-Last-Resort (LOLR) facilities and legal requirements on accountability and transparency and the results show negative relationship between legal CBI and inflation after controlling for international inflation, banking crises, and exchange regimes in the sampled countries. Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 9 Internship Report 3. Defining Central Bank Independence Defining the concept of Central Bank’s Independence (CBI) is a tricky job. It seems to be an unambiguously defined concept now, because we as authors end up defining our own understanding of it. Large amount of work has been done to argue that high CBI is directly related to the long term economic performance. The primitive work on the definition of CBI was done in 1824 by David Ricardo who emphasized on issuance of the currency by Commission elected by government and communication hindrances between them on the issue of lending currency to the state. The advocates of the high CBI throughout the world are found to be on the common grounds i-e they all agree to it that if central bank is not independent politicians can abuse the power of printing money and this is how they can distort the inflation and output level in the economy in order to earn political gains, whereas central bank is seen as playing role in the best interest of the society. It is also considered that there may be no single and right definition of CBI, but in general it is defined within two factors/aspects of the independence; Independence of objectives and Independence of instruments. Independence of objectives refers to the autonomy central bank has in setting its own goals whether that can be of inflation targets, money supply, exchange rate management or others. Independence of instruments refers to how much central bank has independence in determining the best possible ways to achieve its policy goals. This bifurcation is widely accepted by Fraser (1994), Briault et al. , (1996), Amtenbrink et al. , (1998) and Debelle (1995). Siklos, (2008) argues that the definition of CBI has not been defined narrowly. Some measure it in the turnover rate of governors (see Dreher et al. 2007)) while others state that it the existing set of characteristics that defines relationship between the government and the central bank. The bottom line is that economists are still trying to precisely define CBI and its significance for achievement of the required targets set by government or central bank. Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 10 I nternship Report 3. 1 Measuring CBI In order to gauge the independence of CB, following criteria have been selected: ? Appointment of the CB Governor: As per literature review, appointment of the governor comes under legal independence of CB.