The Consumption Of Alcohol

The Consumption Of Alcohol Presentation General Health is the study of securing and improving the soundness of networks through training, advancement of solid ways of life, and examination for malady and injury counteraction. So as to create programs that ensure the wellbeing of your family and network, general wellbeing experts investigate the impact on strength of hereditary qualities, individual decision and nature. It is worried about dangers to wellbeing dependent on populace wellbeing examination. The components of wellbeing can include a condition of complete physical, mental and social prosperity and not just the nonappearance of malady or ailment, as characterized by the United Nations World Health Organization. By and large, general wellbeing is worried about securing the soundness of whole populaces. These populaces can be as little as a nearby neighborhood, or as large as a whole nation. The interdisciplinary methodologies of the study of disease transmission, biostatistics and wellbeing administrations, fuses through general wellbeing. Ecological wellbeing, network wellbeing, social wellbeing, and word related wellbeing are other significant subfields. The utilization of liquor can have helpful or destructive impacts relying upon the sum devoured, age and different attributes of the individual expending the liquor, and indicates of the circumstance clarified by Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2005). Liquor implies impartial spirits refined at or over one hundred ninety degrees proof, regardless of whether such item is along these lines decreased, for nonindustrial use. The term liquor, except if indicated something else, alludes to ethanol or ethyl liquor. It is a slim, clear fluid with cruel consuming taste and high instability. Mixed refreshment implies any fluid appropriate for drinking by individuals, which contains one-portion of one percent or a greater amount of liquor by volume. Liquor drinking is an indispensable piece of family, social and word related life for some individuals in the UK. While low to direct utilization isn't related with overabundance hazard, and may even be advantageous, unreasonable utilization, espe cially in youngsters, is a developing reason for worry to strategy producers, wellbeing and social consideration experts, and people in general, it was surveyed by Smith and Foxcroft (2009). Why it is a Public Health Issue? Liquor abuse influences physical, passionate, yet additionally social part of an individual and an individual methods people in general. As indicated by Faculty of Public Health (2008), for quite a long time and numerous individuals use it normally despite the fact that liquor has been part the way of life; its abuse has become a genuine and declining general medical issue in the UK. The abuse of liquor whether as incessantly overwhelming drinking, hard-core boozing or even moderate drinking in unseemly conditions not just represents a danger to the wellbeing and prosperity of the consumer, yet in addition to family, companions, networks and more extensive society through such issues as wrongdoing, hostile to social conduct and loss of efficiency. It is additionally straightforwardly connected to a scope of medical problems, for example, hypertension, mental sick wellbeing, inadvertent injury, viciousness, liver illness and explicitly transmitted disease. Idea of Public Health The two most regular proportions of illness in populaces are commonness and rate. At some point the two terms are utilized in the depiction of an illness or ailment flare-up. Predominance, which has just been referenced, is the individual from individuals who have a sickness at a given time; that is the number right now experiencing the infection or confusion. Frequency, on the hand, is the quantity of new instances of an ailment, for example, the other hand, is the quantity of new instances of an illness, for example, flu, being higher than expected for the year. This shows the quantity of new cases is higher than what is commonly expected, though a report demonstrating expanded predominance would mean the quantity of existing cases is higher asses by Evans. The study of disease transmission is the science that takes a gander at the connections between maladies happening in populaces and gatherings, normally trying to diminish dangers and, pack bleakness into the most recent years i f the populaces life range. Life expectancy is the constraint of common life with the end goal that through all backings and endeavors one has lived insofar as is conceivable. Future methods something else, in that this term applies to the normal length of life one may live dependent on sex, race, where one lives, etc. Liquor Consumption and Trends There were a few studies talks about the patterns of liquor utilization. A few says it diminishes and others increments, however as per The NHS Information Center (2010), drinking conduct among grown-ups and youngsters in England, in 2008: 71% of men and 56% of ladies (matured 16 and over) revealed drinking a mixed beverage on in any event one day in the week preceding meeting. 11% of men and 6% of ladies detailed drinking on consistently in the earlier week. 38% of men drank more than 4 units on in any event one day in the week before meeting and 29% of ladies drank multiple units on at any rate one day in the week preceding meeting. 22% of men detailed drinking more than 8 units and 15% of ladies revealed drinking more than 6 units on at any rate one day in the week preceding meeting. The normal week after week liquor utilization was 16.8 units for men and 8.6 units for ladies. 28% of men revealed drinking in excess of 21 units in a normal week. For ladies, 19% revealed drinking in excess of 14 units in a normal week. 18% of school students matured 11 to 15 revealed savoring liquor the week before talk with; this figure is lower than 2001, when 26% of understudies detailed savoring the most recent week. 48% of understudies said they had never had a legitimate mixed beverage, contrasted with 39% in 2003. Understudies who savored the most recent week expended a normal of 14.6 units In 2006 to 2008, youngsters in London were less inclined to have smashed liquor in the most recent week (39%) than youngsters living in some other Government Office Region (51% to 63%) Information and mentalities to liquor In 2009, 90% of Great Britain (GB) respondents announced that they had known about estimating liquor in units. There has been an expansion from 54% in 1997 to 75% in 2009 in the extent of individuals in GB who had known about every day drinking limits. All through the period, contrasts among people have been slight. Students in England matured 11 to 15 are getting less open minded of drinking and intoxication among their companions. For instance, in 2008, 36% concurred that it was OK for somebody of their age to drink liquor once every week, contrasted and 46% in 2003. Over a similar period, the extent who thought it was OK for somebody of their age to get alcoholic once seven days additionally fell, from 20% to 12%. Liquor Misuse and other drinking designs The utilization of liquor for a reason not steady with legitimate or clinical rules called liquor abuse. There are various examples in drinking liquor; one is unsafe drinking, liquor utilize that makes harm physical as well as emotional wellness. Destructive use regularly, yet not perpetually, has antagonistic social outcomes. Perilous drinking is an example of liquor utilize that builds the danger of destructive ramifications for the person. Rather than destructive use, dangerous drinking alludes to examples of utilization that are of general wellbeing hugeness in spite of the nonattendance of any current issue in the individual client. An example of drinking that surpasses some standard of moderate drinking said to be a substantial consumer. In the UK, substantial drinking is characterized as devouring at least eight units for men and at least six units for ladies on at any rate one day in the week. In conclusion, moderate drinking, a vague term for an example of drinking that is b y suggestion appeared differently in relation to overwhelming drinking. It signifies drinking that is moderate in sum and doesn't cause issues. Drinking among Young People Youngsters are less well prepared than grown-ups to adapt with the impacts of liquor, truly and inwardly. A similar measure of liquor will have an a lot more noteworthy impact on the body of a kid or youngster than on a grown-up, on the grounds that their bodies are as yet developing and creating. Likewise, a youngster doesnt have the experience expected to manage the impacts of liquor on judgment and recognition. However, as per NHS organization overview (2009) it shows that in an ongoing study, 14% of 15 and multi year olds in the UK had been flushed multiple times or more during the most recent a year and half have been smashed at any rate twice. What's more, 58% of multi year olds who had tanked liquor as of late had endured negative outcomes, for example, getting into a contention, been sick, missing school, been harmed or in a tough situation with the police. Among those matured 15 and under, 18% had flushed liquor in the earlier week Diment et al (2009). In spite of the fact t hat the extent of schoolchildren who have never had a mixed beverage has ascended (from 39% in 2003 to 48% in 2008), the individuals who do drink are expending more. Somewhere in the range of 2007 and 2008, mean liquor utilization among youngsters matured 11 to 15 (explicitly, the individuals who had smashed liquor in the earlier week) expanded from 12.7 units (102 g) to 14.6 units (117 g) Diment et al (2009). Provincial examination shows that utilization is most noteworthy among those living in the North East (17.7 units) and the North West (16.3 units). It is least in London (11.3 units) The NHS Information Center (2010). Furthermore, almost 10,000 kids and youngsters (younger than 18) are admitted to clinic every year because of their drinking Department for Children, Schools and Families (2009). It is a significant issue realizing the new age are being presented to this general medical problem. By their blameless information, they will be casualties that in the more drawn out term, drinking can negatively affect a youthful people school work, public activity and companionships, just as their general wellbeing. Theyll additionally be in a difficult situation on the off chance that they overstep the laws about purchasing and drinking liquor. Consequences for Health and Social Services Liquor is related with a wide scope of criminal offenses what's more

How Far Does ‘The Fall of The House of Usher’ Meet With The Conventions Of Gothic Fiction? Essay

The Gothic epic ruled English writing from 1764 when ‘The Castle of Ortranto’ by Horace Warpole was distributed, until the right on time to mid nineteenth century. The Gothic tale is portrayed by murkiness, thick woods, old mansions, dismal rooms and despairing characters. In spite of the fact that Gothicism started to surrender its predominance around 1815, it affected many rising classifications can at present be found in some of today’s famous styles. Stephen King, a celebrated ghastliness author, draws on anticipation, the dread of depression and the dread of the obscure while Anne Rice, the current ‘queen’ of gothic fiction draws on much indistinguishable subjects from ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’. Her most recent novel ‘Blackwood Farm’ is set in an enormous house in no place and recounts to the narrative of a youngster caught in a neither living nor dead reality where he is spooky by a soul which keeps him from havi ng a place anyplace. The Fall of the House of Usher is determined to a ‘dark, soundless day in the autumn’, a perfect setting for a Gothic story. Fall, with its chilly dismal months following the glow of summer and nothing to anticipate separated from the hardships of winter, gives a quickly discouraging feel to the story. The mists are supposed to be â€Å"low in the heavens† making the peruser mindful of a dim abusive sky, again alluding to dimness and deficiency of daylight. As the storyteller approaches of the house he depicts it as having â€Å"bleak walls† and â€Å"eye like windows†. The last of these gives the peruser a sentiment of the house watching him like an individual. The peruser can detect the narrator’s anxiety. Poe utilizes depictions, for example, â€Å"rank†, which means a solid rank scent, a specific sign that something somehow or another has turned sour. And afterward he depicts the â€Å"white trunks of rotted trees† therefore featuring the spooky, â€Å"death like† setting. The storyteller appears to be startled by the setting and this is depicted when he says â€Å"nor would I be able to think about the shadowy likes the swarmed upon me as I pondered†, as though he is frightened or careful about the articles around him. The plot fits flawlessly into the Gothic kind. It contains a peculiar man with an obscure disease, a house which somehow or another has an incredible contrary impact on the family and an individual who either comes back from the dead or was buried alive. This is set in an immense and old rotting house encompassed by a hopeless backwoods. The foundation to the story is that the storyteller has been solicited to visit by the proprietor from the house who was a childhood buddy of his. The storyteller hasn’t seen or even really thought about to this man for a long time. We are made mindful of the forlornness of the life Roderick Usher, the proprietor, when the storyteller talks about not so much knowing his companion well indeed. As a youngster Roderick was unnecessarily held. It appears to be peculiar that the main individual he feels ready to approach in his period of scarcity is somebody who doesn’t feel he knows him quite well. We are likewise informed that there are no different parts of the Usher family. The story begins with the storyteller moving toward the house alone through the dreary setting. The peruser knows about his powerlessness and begins to feel worried about what lies ahead. The storyteller moves toward the house anxiously and attempting to quiet his nervousness, investigates a lake. The picture reflected, be that as it may, is significantly more horrendous and disorganized than what he was envisioning beforehand and this tosses the storytellers mind into a condition of impermanent chaos. This is a topic predominant all through the story yet is typically shown by Roderick Usher not the storyteller. Approaching the house the storyteller sees a crevice running from the top of the house to the ground, this isn't harped on at that point however is exceptionally pertinent to the closure of the story. Once inside the house the storyteller is driven through numerous â€Å"dark and complex passages† to meet Roderick Usher. He discovers him much changed and portrays him as â€Å"terribly altered†. In addition to the fact that Usher looks genuinely sick he appears to been in an exceptionally unsettled perspective â€Å"alternately vivacious and sull en†. There are minutes when Usher appears to be cheerful that his visitor will have the option to support him and talks of â€Å"the comfort he anticipated me (the storyteller) to manage the cost of him†. At a certain point he portrays his ailment as a â€Å"constitutional and a family insidious, and one for which he gave up to discover a remedy† however then promptly says that it is a â€Å"mere apprehensive affection† which will before long pass. He appears to be nearly spooky by the things he fears and trusts in the storyteller concerning what he feels will be the demise of him. It is dread, a most urgent segment of Gothic writing. First experience with Lady Madeline, Usher’s twin sister, is brief, close to a locating however we are recounted her baffling ailment and later her passing. The storyteller helps Usher, who is on edge to keep specialists from meddling with his sisters body, to bury Madeline in a vault. After this Usher’s psychological well-being goes into fast decay. On the â€Å"seventh or eighth night† after her burial the storyteller resigns to his room yet feels upset and can't rest. Usher thumps at his entryway, likewise pained and requesting in a somewhat insane way â€Å"And you have not seen it?† with an end goal to quiet him the storyteller snatches a book and starts perusing to Usher. As he peruses, clamors portrayed in the book appear to be reflected inside the house. Much after this has happened double the storyteller attempts to resist the urge to panic so as not to additionally energize the shaky Usher. Anyway when it happens a third time the storyteller can no longer contain his caution and surges over to Usher who is by all accounts having a total breakdown. Usher pronounces that the commotions were Madeline breaking liberated from her tomb were they had set her despite everything living. Frightened he feels her essence outside the entryway † I reveal to you that she presently remains without the door†. The entryway flies open and there is Madeline who falls intensely upon her sibling who kicks the bucket of trepidation similarly as he anticipated. The storyteller escapes from the house and thinking once more from a sheltered separation sees the gap which he had seen on his appearance enlarging and afterward the dividers of the house falling until the entire structure vanishes into the pool. Poe plays with the perusers feelings by substituting the emotional and vile with the moderately typical. The commonly gothic setting toward the start of the story and the storytellers response to it â€Å"a feeling of excruciating melancholy infested my spirit† attract the peruser and make an agitating state of mind. Poe delineates the house and its environmental factors in detail so we are completely drenched in it. In the initial section Poe depicts the setting and the storytellers emotions in extraordinary detail. In this piece of the piece Poe is over the top by following the subtleties of the storyline. He is allowed to flaunt his abilities at portrayal of both setting and human feelings while making an intensely gothic climate. â€Å"I reined my pony to the abrupt verge of a dark and startling pool that lay in unruffled shine by the abode, and looked down †however with a shiver significantly more exciting than before †upon the renovated and modified pictures of the dim sedge, and the unpleasant tree-stems, and the empty and eye-like windows† When subsided into the house the storyteller seems to build up a type of routine to his days with Usher. While the storytellers life isn't actually ordinary in the exacting feeling of the word as Ushers grasp on mental stability is delicate and a portion of his conduct unconventional, the peruser is consoled by the quiet and reasonable voice of the storyteller. In spite of the fact that even inside this time of relative quiet Poe frequently embeds records of some of Usher’s strange conduct, for example, his act of spontaneities on guitar. The evident demise of woman Madeline signals the beginning of the work in strain to the peak of the story. The storyteller needs to assist Usher with keeping her final resting place in a little, clammy, copper lined vault which lies â€Å"at incredible profundity, promptly underneath that part of the structure wherein was my own dozing apartment†. The vault is fixed with a huge iron entryway after the casket top has been in a bad way down. On the last night of the story the storyteller is restless, too on edge to even think about sleeping. The peruser isn't utilized to this so feels restless as well. We are recounted the worn out draperies which â€Å"swayed erratically back and forth upon the walls† it makes disquiet. At the point when Usher comes into the storytellers room he is in a disturbed state. He opens up the window to the tempest and to the â€Å"unnatural light of a faintly brilliant and unmistakably obvious vaporous exhalation † which hides the chateau. The spooky sight makes the storyteller shiver and he discloses to Usher that the air is â€Å"chilling and risky to his frame†. The proposal of cold chilling air makes goose pimples ascend on the perusers skin, a similar impact that dread would have. At that point the storyteller peruses to Usher removing the peruser from the frightening environment in the room possibly to be brought back abruptly when commotions in the house reflect the clamors depicted in the story. This turns out to be progressively disturbing as it happens not twice but rather multiple times. The peruser recognizes unequivocally with the storyteller thus feels the dread that he feels. When Madeline shows up at the entryway the peruser is at his generally on edge and it would presumably be exceptionally paltry if the story didn’t peak with the savagery that it does. Poe’s utilization of complicated language is broad and all around organized. In the main passage he utilizes an enormous number of modifiers as this is the most illustrative piece of the story. He alludes to the â€Å"melancholy House of Usher†. Here he utilizes exemplification to a

interview joy buolamwini

interview joy buolamwini i mentioned joy in a blog post a few weeks ago, when she won the $50000 grand prize in the search for hidden figures contest. ive been a huge fan of joys work ever since i read her blog post on inclusive coding, or incoding.  shes a fulbright fellow and a rhodes scholar, and now shes at the center for civic media, working on projects that empower communities via tech education and highlight bias in algorithms. i had the distinct privilege of chatting with her last week and we had a fun conversation about algorithmic bias, surveillance, and her work at the media lab. check it out: * * * * * learn more about: the ALGORITHMIC JUSTICE LEAGUE the CENTER FOR CIVIC MEDIA the MEDIA LAB * * * * * some snippets: (on algorithmic bias) (and how facial recognition software wont detect her face unless shes wearing a white mask): This was an issue Id run into when I was an undergraduate. I went to Georgia Tech and did my bachelors in computer science, and I used to work in a social robots lab. And some of the projects I did there involved computer vision, and in that contextI had a hard time being picked up [by facial recognition software]. I would end up borrowing my roommates face to get the job done So I started exploring that a little bit. Why was this happening? Was it just about my facial features, was it about the illumination, was it about the pose, what was going on? And then I read this report called the Perpetual Line-Up, which talks about unregulated use of facial recognition in the United States, and it showed that one in two adults 117 million people in the US have their faces in facial recognition databases that can currently be searched unwarranted, using algorithms that havent been audited for accuracy. Heres the catch: with some initial tests to see the demographic accuracy of some of these facial recognition systems, they saw that the systems performed worse for women overall, worse for people who were considered younger (under 24), and worse overall for people of color so its not just me, having one bad incident! This is something a bit more systematic. (on why it matters) So lets look into the realm of law enforcementbecause here thats where you have the potential issue of having civil liberties being breached, and also you start going into the realm of disparate impact. Is this technology that were using being targeted to a specific demographic more than another? What I was very concerned about was misidentification if Im tagged as somebody else [on Facebook], okay, maybe its funny, maybe its offensive, but perhaps its not as high stakes as if Im misidentified as a criminal suspect. (about being at the center for civic media) I do not know if Algorithmic Justice League would have existed had I not been a part of the Center for Civic Mediajust having the freedom to explore ideas that might not always resonate with the core technical leanings of a space like MIT. Were definitely looking at the social impact of technology, so its not, Can we make it bigger, faster, stronger, more efficient, smaller? But starting at, Should we be doing this in the first place? Starting at issues of power: who has control? who gets to decide and why, and what does that tell us about society? And so in exploring this, I could have viewed my face not being consistently detected as, Oh, this is a technical challenge but being in the space of the Center for Civic Media definitely orients me to [say], This is not just a technical challenge this is as much a reflection of society as other spaces where you see inequities that need to be addressed. Post Tagged #admissions interview #Center for Civic Media #MIT Media Lab #sound recording

Essay on Creative Writing The Fall of Black Tide

The fall of Black tide. The cold metal taste in mouth and the dripping siliva on the pillow. The time, the mechanical ticking of time outside, oh why cant everybody just shut up for 5 more minuts. Casey turned and burried his head below his set of pillows. She stood there looking at her brother, sweating in the bed. She could see that the years have been gentle to him and he didnt have any clear burns or further sympthoms of the sun. Casey was not big but rather small and seeing him lying and turning as if climbing and conquering a mountain made her feel uncomfortable. She turned to the right and she could see her tighs, her curves in the mirror and it made her feel sick inside. No matter how much she didnt eat, she was†¦show more content†¦The air is not good for her and.., she hesitated. First, ill go find out what the commotion is all about and then i visit grams. By the way you want to go to Mdina? I will make the horse ready, she answered leaving the room. Casey was the third hair to the Attard lineage but he wasnt acting as it. Frequently meddling and being among the common people. Karla wondered why as a man he felt he had all the freedom he wanted. All of her brothers were handsome and spoiled but Casey was different. Despite enjoying the luxeries he despised them. What about the time that Casey emptied the whole kitchen of its food and brought it to the square. What about it?, she said out loud. She moved from room to room collecting bits and pieces she would need for her day. The Family seal that she both had as an embleem on her clothes and a medallion was a source of symbolic wealth and security. She was not to be touched. She quickly walked out of the huge house and saw Casey talking to the stable boy. His fearful eyes portrayed a complex frightening, that she was eager to avoid. When the boy say the lady he lowered his head and his eyes. You hear that sister, the townsfolk has gone mad. Why what has happened? 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Racism and Adversity in Professional Baseball - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1849 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/27 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Baseball Essay Racism Essay Did you like this example? Baseball is known as Americas favorite pastime. Incorporating baseball to a sociological perspective, you can begin to understand how the game is viewed to function in the society in which it is played, and how society impacts the game. Northern American sports has suffered immensely from the division, labels, and stereotypes that have been encrypted on specific individuals of a certain race or ethnicity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racism and Adversity in Professional Baseball" essay for you Create order Relating to the fact that adversity and racism are at a direct conflict within our society, 42 represents the pride and courage of a discriminated African American baseball player, who stood as a sign for racial progression in America. Both sport and race are sociologically problematic because they appear to be crucial aspects of human life that precedes our socialization. 42 was about an African American man, Jackie Robinson, who gets signed to play professional baseball under the Dodgers. The film takes place in the generation in which America was largely segregated and racism plagued the entire country. This generation was known to be during the 40s and 50s. Although this was a factor, Jackie never doubted his ability and strength, and he kept his head held high while pursuing his passion for baseball without physically fighting against racism. Jackie Robinsons strength against all racism related obstacles showed America how wrong they were in their ways. It shines a light on the national conflict of racial integration of American professional baseball. After World War II, African Americans would come home to racial segregation, inequality, discrimination, and a time where their life would be more difficult than ever in their communities. Jackie Robinson, like many other African American athletes at the time, were deprived opportunities that contrib uted to the equity issue in the sports world and was racially discriminated. Robinson pursued a passion of his regardless of the hatred that he got in return. He represented courage and integrity to the defeat of adversarial stereotypes on black individuals. At the start of the movie, Jackie braves the hostility of racial prejudice on and off the field of the unspoken color line, from player and fan alike. Branch Rickey, a major league team executive with a bold idea once states, a black a man in white baseball, can you imagine the reaction (Movie 42). This quote represents the whole idea behind 42 and the reactions are simply the acceptance and disproval of those being influenced by Jackies position in society. This hostility proves a major challenge not just for Jackie anymore, but his family. The main plot of 42 is not one single idea. From time to time, people try to treat the across nation debate about race as something with no importance, less about hatred and violence, and more about people simply not being careful with the words or pictures they use. Those who see racism in different ways are accused of practicing political correctness, which has become a pejorative term in society instead of a reminder that people should want to act correctly. The history of racism in America is full of ugliness and horror. This ugliness was practiced openly, even in the American temple that we call the ballpark. This movie shows that, not so long ago, racism was commonplace and often accepted. It took a few men to stand up to a racial coach, to stand up for Jackie, and to stand up against the racial like words that forced people to consider both the nature and cost of hate. Jackie Robinson was more eager to make a point about individual determination and the way individuals and societies can change. Robinson was a sign of racial progress in American for his braveness in the face of bitter abuse. The idea that baseball is known as Americas favorite pastime allows us to crucially investigate the nationalism of the sport. Baseball was used as a symbol of American values in World War II by promoting patriotism (Fitts,1994, p.76). Northern American sports have always been a part of a division based on the color of ones skin and this sheds an intense impact on our society. Baseball sociology is a way of viewing how the game functions in the society in which it is played, and how society impacts the game. Racism and adversity in baseball relate to sports sociology through the investigation of racial discrimination on issues of equity and opportunity to measure the degree of meritocracy in sports. Sociologists have used cultural studies, ideology in sports media text, and ethnographic methods to understand how racial identity is constructed in sports and its intersections with class, nation, gender, and sexuality. Sociological issues are throughout the entire movie, one focusing on the gender aspect. Gender roles were seen in the movie when Jackie was constantly taunted by other coaches through unfair racist remarks. According to 42, the coach justified his action with insensitivity and not wanting to treat him too soft. This could be seen as reinforcing masculinity as men are seen as masculine, and showing weakness to a black individual at the time was wrong. Society puts this social idea in our heads of what is masculine or feminine, and what is acceptable or not. Sociologists have studied the rise and then decline of African American players in the sports world. They have analyzed racial salary differences and the longevity of a career and documented how broadcasting and management positions are primarily white. A large sociological belief shows that African Americans are minimized through placement in decentralized positions. Relating to the movie 42, Jackie Robinson was the only black player on the Dodgers baseball team and represented racial division on sports teams, and this national accomplishment promoted more African Americans to pursue what they love no matter what racial harms were to come out of it. Out of respect for their teammates, baseball players that come from all over the world, especially the Dominican Republic, undertake the learning of the lyrics for the national anthem because Americans hold great value for the nati ons symbols of the land of the free. From massive new data available on pitchers, weve learned that umpires are more likely to widen the strike zone for white pitchers rather than minorities (Gamson,1964, p.70). This not only represents the racial inequality that still continues to live in the baseball world today but also, the stigmas that other stakeholders put on African Americans. In the end, the jobs of umpires are being expressed in the wrong way by treating African Americans unfairly, with disproportionate equality based on the color of ones skin in what is supposed to be a fair game. Stadiums are prime spots to engage in the study of cathedrals of consumption. At games, fans become a spectacle by cheering on teams, singing along to music, and engaging in provided audience games (Kahn,1991, p.402). We become accustomed to what we support and largely engage in within our social groups in society. Continuing with social problems in professional baseball, the video includes spectator violence, cheating by players and officials, and greed of owners and players. Throughout the movie, spectator violence played a huge part in racial discrimination. Fans would yell out the n-word and speak wi th the highest level of cruelty to show that they arent in favor of African Americans playing on the same team as white people. Families in the crowd would bring their kids and these young children would start yelling the n-word or things like you dont belong here because they copy what their parents do. Cheating was a big social problem in the sports world because of being a different race from everyone else. Officials would call Jackie out at first base after clearly being safe, just because of his skin color. These multifaceted issues influenced both society and sport as a whole. Sociological issues that are still widely known but are not shown in the movie 42 includes gambling, crime by athletes, drug enhancement, and the media. Gambling has remained an issue of concern to the MLB for many years. According to Fitts, gamblers interest in baseball pre-dated the Civil War, and more bets were placed on MLB games than any other collective sport in the nation (Fitts,1994, p.79). Crime by athletes is more prone to happen because they seem to have an easier chance to get away with things. Athletes hold a higher position in society and this fact allows them to have the ability to commit a crime without the worry of being punished. Such crimes could include taking drugs to enhance your performance or to create a bulkier look in the sport, just to gain a greater advantage than someone not taking steroids. A sociological issue that has a huge impact on the sports world is the media. Media in baseball changes fans views on some topics and puts labels on athletes. In the end, media changes the beauty of the actual game. Sports viewership varies by gender. Mens sports that are typically viewed live or on television include football, basketball, hockey, baseball, and while the womens sports that area covered include gymnastics, skiing, and diving. People would say sexism plays a role in the idea that mens sports are covered more often than womens sports both in print and on television. After watching 42, I have learned the importance of equality and leadership. The importance of equality and leadership are crucial factors in this movie. People cannot change without making a sacrifice. The sacrifice isnt always tangible, but rather a change to how a person views themselves, or the world. In the movie 42, as with most change that happens in the world, different groups display different attitudes; some welcome him and treat him with equal fairness. For those who struggle, it is because Robinsons arrival challenges their sense of belonging and understanding of their own personal identity. Having learned and being influenced by these two factors, I can relate them to the class, textbook, and articles that I engage with. Like class discussions and textbook or online resources, the importance of equality and leadership is in almost every unit we learn about. Equality is what shapes us as a society and leadership is what encourages us to stand up for what we believe in. As an example, in class, we have discussed many positions of inequality that are incorporated in the sports world between men versus women, black versus white, or sports versus media. In the face of opposition, change requires personal courage and an ability to live with discomfort. In the movie 42, there was a very powerful scene between a teammate and Jackie. Robinson receives a folder full of death threats against himself and says, I just want to play ball coach. When teammate Pee Wee turns up at the next game, he makes a show by putting his arm around Robinsons shoulders to show his family and friends in the crowd what he stands for. This sacrifice represented the fight for equality and the importance behind the movie. One day, we will no longer see the world with divided lenses, but we will participate solely for the love of the game with a shared spirit of powerful group morale.

Hrm- Training Need Analysis Free Essays

Training Needs Analysis Purpose A Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is used to assess an organization’s training needs. The root of the TNA is the gap analysis. This is an assessment of the gap between the knowledge, skills and attitudes that the people in the organization currently possess and the knowledge, skills and attitudes that they require to meet the organization’s objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm- Training Need Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The training needs assessment is best conducted up front, before training solutions are budgeted, designed and delivered. The output of the needs analysis will be a document that specifies why, what, who, when, where and how. More specifically, the document will need to answer these questions: why do people need the training? what skills need imparting? who needs the training? when will they need the new skills? where may the training be conducted? and how may the new skills be imparted? There are so many ways for conducting a Training Needs Analysis, depending on your situation. One size does not fit all. Is the purpose of the needs assessment to: lead in to a design of a specific purpose improvement initiative (e. g. customer complaint reduction) enable the design of the organization’s training calendar identify training and development needs of individual staff during the performance appraisal cycle †¦ and so on and so on. In clarifying the purpose of the TNA, consider the scope of the TNA. Is it to determine training needs: at the organization level? at the project level for a specific project? or at the department level for specific employees? Your answer to these questions will dictate: who will conduct the TNA how the TNA will be conducted, and what data sources will be used Training Needs Analysis Method Below are three scenarios in which you may find yourself wanting to conduct a Training Needs Analysis. This is not an exhaustive treatment, however, it will give you some tips on what to do. Employee Performance Appraisal In many organizations, each employee’s manager discusses training and development needs during the final part of the performance appraisal discussion. This method suits where training needs are highly varied amongst individual employees. Typically, the manager constructs an employee Performance Development Plan in collaboration with the employee being appraised. The Plan takes into consideration: the organization’s strategies and plans agreed employee goals and targets the employee’s performance results the employee’s role description feedback from internal/external customers and stakeholders, and the employee’s stated career aspirations The employee’s completed Performance Development Plan should document the area that requires improvement, the actual development activity, resource requirements, expected outcomes and an agreed time frame in which the development outcome will be achieved. Check out our Training Management Template Pack for a customizable Performance Development Plan and instructions for use. You may find some commonality amongst individual training and development needs identified in the various performance appraisals. In this case, it may pay the organization to review and classify each of the needs and convert them into appropriate training courses (or other interventions). The next step is to prioritize their importance and aggregate the results so that you end up with a list of courses and participant numbers against each. Then negotiate a delivery schedule that fits in with managers/supervisors and employees whilst keeping an eye on your budget. Improvement Project Most, if not all, improvement projects have some employee training associated with them. Examples of improvement projects include planned and structured attempts to reduce the incidence of product defects, increase sales volume and decrease the number of customer complaints. Here, the Training Needs Analysis begins by clarifying the measurable organizational improvement targets and the employee behaviors required to meet these targets. For example, the organization might set a target of a 50 percent reduction in customer complaints by the end of the year. Employee behaviors required to achieve this target might be: empathetic listening to customer complaints regular follow up of complaint resolution †¦ and so on. To get to this point, though, the cause of the underperformance needs to be determined through a series of structured questions. If there is no one else to perform this initial diagnosis, you as the training professional may be called upon to do this job. A performance consulting approach can help you here. With this approach, the person doing the diagnosis first asks managers to identify their problems in concrete terms. Next, possible causes and solutions are discussed and training solutions identified, where appropriate. To do this successfully, the performance consultant needs to be well-versed in process improvement methods and employee motivation theory and practice. For small projects, you can use a simple employee performance flow chart in working with managers to help identify the cause of performance deficiencies. Where training is identified as an appropriate solution or as part of the solution, we then recommend that you work through a training needs analysis questionnaire with the appropriate stakeholders. This will give you the information you need to move to the training program design phase. An effective training needs analysis questionnaire worksheet will cover at least the following areas: The results from these structured interviews are then written up in a formal document, along with the answers to the other questions raised above. Check out our Training Projects Template Pack for an example of a customizable training needs analysis template that you can download today. The results of the TNA are then fed into the next phase of the instructional systems design life cycle; the high-level design of the training program. Following all of the above is of course more time consuming than getting a simple wish-list from managers and delivering a smorgasbord of training courses. However, by using a structured approach, you will avoid the 80 percent wastage of resources that any companies experience in delivering programs that don’t truly fit their needs. Constructing a Training Calendar When constructing an annual training calendar, be wary of simply asking managers what training they want delivered. Assessing training needs this way, you will most probably get a wish list with little connection to the real needs of the organization. When the time comes and they and their workers are pressed for time, you may fi nd it difficult to fill seats. Training is expensive, and there is no better method for wasting your scare training dollars. Why is this so? We find that many managers are not skilled in identifying which of their problems can be solved by training and which cannot. For a training calendar to be effective, it needs to be tailored for your specific organization’s real needs. Ask your managers what training they need. However, make sure you engage them in constructive dialog about what their real problems are and which of them can realistically be addressed through training. If the performance shortfall is a one-off problem, such as an increasing number of customer complaints, it may be more effective and cost efficient to address the issue on an improvement project basis. Training calendars are best suited to repeatable and regular demand, such as refresher skills training for infrequently performed technical tasks and for new recruits joining the organization. In these cases, review what training is required on a regular basis and look at what new recruits need to be proficient at soon after they join your organization. Generally speaking, consult with your management team by checking off which of the following areas require inclusion in your training calendar: management, leadership and supervision skills oft skills, such as communication and conflict resolution environment, health and safety human resource processes, such as performance management business skills, such as strategy, planning and process improvement technical line and staff skills such as telephone etiquette and inventory management In constructing your training calendar, we suggest you also consider looking at one or more of the data sources listed in the next section. Once you have composed your list of courses, assess demand for each course and the required frequency, all the while, keeping an eye on your budget. With a limited budget, we suggest you get your management team to help you assess priorities. Data Sources In conducting your training needs analysis, you may have a variety of data sources available to you. Which data sources you use will depend on a number of factors. These factors include: the amount of time you have available the human resources you have available he level of accuracy you require the reliability of each data source the accessibility of each data source The data sources that you have available may include: interviews/surveys with supervisors/managers interviews/surveys with employees employee performance appraisal documents organization’s strategic planning documents organization/department operational plans organization/department key performance indicators customer complaints critical incidents product/servic e quality data For example, if you are considering providing training in project management to project managers, you may want to interview the prospective participants, the project managers, and their managers on what problems they are facing. It may also pay to review planning and procedural documents to ascertain what project management methodology and tools your organization is using, or is planning on using. Data sources that may show light on where the training needs to focus the most are project performance data and post-implementation reviews. Which sources you will actually use and how much time and effort you expend on each will depend on your particular circumstances. Needless to say, there is no magic formula and you will need to exercise a fair amount of judgment in most cases. Although there are no hard and fast rules in conducting a Training Needs Analysis, we have outlined above some general guidelines and helpful hints. We can also help you with some practical TNA tools, such as a training needs analysis questionnaire and training needs analysis spreadsheet, in our customizable template packs. How to cite Hrm- Training Need Analysis, Papers

Central Bank Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy free essay sample

Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 5 Internship Report 1. Introduction The Central bank of any country plays a vital role in the economy of that country. It plays a major role by being Government’s bank and helps Government in smooth running of economic affairs by maintaining the price stability in the system. Historically, the role of the Central bank was to print money, hold foreign reserves, formulate monetary policy and act as Lender of Last Resort (LOLR). The beginning of the 1990’s marked the new era in the history of central banks’ roles, when Reserve Bank of New Zealand was granted the clear objective of maintaining the price level stability in the economy with operational independence to achieve this objective. Soon Bank of Australia, England and Canada were granted the same autonomy. But this only objective was confined with central banks of developed countries, whereas central banks in developing countries are performing another role and that is to support growth in the economy. Developing nations’ central banks have since then have shifted their focus in order to achieve these goals. Historical data of Inflation and GDP growth of developing nations suggest that these both goals have not been achieved, if achieved then their sustainability remains short. This may be due to some missing factors like Central Bank’ Independence and autonomy whether in goal setting or in ways through which it achieves its goals. Thus the objective of the study is to find out whether SBP, in its completion of goals is independent or not? And is there any relationship between CBI, macroeconomic variables and effective implementation of monetary policy. Section 1 covers literature review, section 2 of this paper covers definition of CBI, section 3 of the paper explains how CBI is measured; section 4 shows relationship between CBI and economic performance and section 5 concludes the report’s main points. Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 6 Internship Report 2. Literature review Cukierman, Alex, (2005) in his paper Central Bank Independence and Policy Results: Theory and Evidence has put great emphasis on the high level of Central Bank Independence (CBI) and argues that it is the desirable feature of any monetary policy making institute. He states that the most important responsibility of the Central Bank (CB) is to assure price and financial stability and to achieve its main objective the bank should have (a) Instrument independence, (b) bank should not lend to government, (c) bank should have sufficient financial independence and (d) bank’s high officials shall hold posts for longer tenures and they should not work anywhere else in order to avoid conflict of interest. Author further goes on to explain existing relationship between CBI and economic performance in the areas of Inflation, growth, investment and real rates in his paper. Walsh E. Carl, (2005) in Central bank independence prepared for the New Palgrave Dictionary defines CBI as â€Å"the freedom of monetary policymakers from direct political or governmental influence in the conduct of policy†. Carl in the later part of the paper states that many developed countries after 1980’s have granted greater independence to their monetary authorities and these reforms have shown negative correlation between CBI and stable and low inflation rate. In the case of developing countries, he says that there exist positive relationship between CB Governors’ turnover rate and inflation. Paper highlights that critics of the reform movements towards central bank independence have expressed concerns that independence can weaken the accountability of central banks and they should be supervised in their goal setting and implementation process. Alpanda et al. , (2009) in Political monetary cycles and a de facto ranking of central bank independence state that political monetary cycles are less likely to occur, in countries with independent central banks. CB, if independent can resist political pressure exerted to stimulate the economy before elections in the form of increased government spending or tax cuts. Writers further argue that money growth is larger among countries having low CBI in election periods vs. non election periods. Two variables were used to identify occurrence of political monetary cycles i-e M1 and election dates of the national leaders. Alpanda et al. , have ignored the borrowing capacity of government as high capacity of borrowing would Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 7 Internship Report lead to lesser need for distortion in monetary policy. Rankings are therefore derived from the behavior of central banks during election cycles when their independence is likely to be challenged or their lack of independence is likely to be revealed. Siklos L. Pierre, (2008) in â€Å"Does central bank’s independence still matters? † says that the term â€Å"independence† defines the position a monetary authority has in the state of affairs. Author states that CBI has been loosely defined to meet the needs of countries such as turnover rate (TOR) and on other side it has been defined as set of characteristics that are legally defined and show relationship between government and CB. Author argues that CBI is not measured as a single index but is set of dejure and defacto characteristics and of those the optimal level cannot be found. Four elements of each characteristic are selected to convey negative relationship between CBI and inflation. Jeroen et al. , (2009) in their paper â€Å"Inflation and central bank independence: A metaregression analysis† elaborate that many countries granted their monetary authorities greater independence. According to authors, to identify whether there is any relationship between CBI and inflation, one needs an indicator of the extent to which the monetary authorities are independent from politicians. Most empirical studies use either an indicator based on central banks’ laws in place or TOR. Authors suggest that countries with a more independent central bank will, on average, have lower levels of inflation. Billin, (2001) in â€Å"Central bank independence and economic performance in Eastern Europe† writes that both the measures of CBI and of financial market development (FMD) show significant association with macroeconomic variables. Next section of his paper examines both the trends and the economic performance in eight Eastern European countries and the degree of CBI granted after reforms. The author argues that both CBI and FMD may facilitate market reforms by helping to enforce fiscal and financial discipline. Author’s empirical inquiry via correlation analysis suggests positive association of both CBI and FMD with price stability. Jose De Gregorio in his presentation on Central Bank Independence and the Effects of Monetary Policy (2005) says that legal CBI is negatively correlated with inflation in Eastern European and Latin American countries. Furthermore, he goes on to say that legal Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 8 Internship Report independence is precondition to gain credibility in countries where inflation records are poor for independent functioning of the CB. He concludes on the point that narrow pass through of exchange rate to import prices and macro economic performance is positively linked to CBI. Jacome et al. , in their paper â€Å"Any Link Between Legal Central Bank Independence and Inflation† Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean† (2005) have tried to find out negative relationship between legal CBI and inflation. They have used different measures of legal CBI like the rules for the appointment of central banks’ board of directors, the degree of CBI in the conduct of exchange rate policy, rules governing Lender-of-Last-Resort (LOLR) facilities and legal requirements on accountability and transparency and the results show negative relationship between legal CBI and inflation after controlling for international inflation, banking crises, and exchange regimes in the sampled countries. Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 9 Internship Report 3. Defining Central Bank Independence Defining the concept of Central Bank’s Independence (CBI) is a tricky job. It seems to be an unambiguously defined concept now, because we as authors end up defining our own understanding of it. Large amount of work has been done to argue that high CBI is directly related to the long term economic performance. The primitive work on the definition of CBI was done in 1824 by David Ricardo who emphasized on issuance of the currency by Commission elected by government and communication hindrances between them on the issue of lending currency to the state. The advocates of the high CBI throughout the world are found to be on the common grounds i-e they all agree to it that if central bank is not independent politicians can abuse the power of printing money and this is how they can distort the inflation and output level in the economy in order to earn political gains, whereas central bank is seen as playing role in the best interest of the society. It is also considered that there may be no single and right definition of CBI, but in general it is defined within two factors/aspects of the independence; Independence of objectives and Independence of instruments. Independence of objectives refers to the autonomy central bank has in setting its own goals whether that can be of inflation targets, money supply, exchange rate management or others. Independence of instruments refers to how much central bank has independence in determining the best possible ways to achieve its policy goals. This bifurcation is widely accepted by Fraser (1994), Briault et al. , (1996), Amtenbrink et al. , (1998) and Debelle (1995). Siklos, (2008) argues that the definition of CBI has not been defined narrowly. Some measure it in the turnover rate of governors (see Dreher et al. 2007)) while others state that it the existing set of characteristics that defines relationship between the government and the central bank. The bottom line is that economists are still trying to precisely define CBI and its significance for achievement of the required targets set by government or central bank. Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 10 I nternship Report 3. 1 Measuring CBI In order to gauge the independence of CB, following criteria have been selected: ? Appointment of the CB Governor: As per literature review, appointment of the governor comes under legal independence of CB.

Lester Young free essay sample

To further explore the development and maturity of Young style I will be analyzing his technique. Section Research and Analysis Lester Young is one of the most famous and influential saxophonist and his music play a very important role in the field of Jazz music. He has brought a strong personal solo, a cool modernism and a new rhythmic flexibility to traditional jazz. Young was born in Woodpile Mississippi on August 27, 1909, and grew up in a musical family. He learned to play the violin, trumpet, drums as well as the saxophone from his father. Wailed, 2012) Young has been a pessimistic lonely. He left his hometown and went to a band, because he wanted to get more knowledge of Jazz music in the north. Nobody wanted to be with him, because his music style was apart from the group. Whats more, he got a extraordinary sense of style. Young unique style affected hundreds of saxophone players. We will write a custom essay sample on Lester Young or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I believe that his personality and style of dress was also part of his legend life. After that, he looks for comfort from drugs and drinks. Due to the bitter experience of military service life, his Inside, parietal had been badly Influenced.Hence, he has got a serious disease and died on March 15, 1959. Section Influence and his legacy On Lester Young instrument he was one of the most influential players at that time, his style had much difference from other musicians. When he plays saxophone, he was always concentrate on his music world, because his plays were self-collected. As above, his style was called the Cool Jazz. Though his music style did not be appreciated, he never gives up and still insists upon his music style. I think behind many successful men, there are a lot of unsuccessful years.I was attracted by his music when I listen to his song. His l Want to Happy and Peg O My Heart leads me into a feast of music and also makes me recall some unhappiness and happiness things. We cannot ignore Is that he popularized a kind of saxophone style; it was called Swing. We can know more about his personal style from his solo-young overstepping his performance. All in all, Young solo style has influenced many tenor saxophonists. Such as, Stan Get and Dexter Gordon; they are the most famous and successful musicians around the world.However, he also influenced many people in LOL Jazz styles, like Coot Sims, AY Cohn and Gerry Mulligan. At that time, all eyes were on Lester Young as he played saxophone. He had a smooth tone and subdued solos; he employed a syncopated rhythm with a strong driving force. He played delay an expected note by a fraction. However, some people thought he was not confident and they wished that more fireworks. (Vocation 5118,1939) Lester Young is the giant of Jazz. I think Young music is very gentle and bold, I never listen to Jazz music like that, his solo always gave me a big surprise because his sic style was never out-fashion.Many people considered that Lester Young was the greatest tenor sax player from former till now. Actually,Len the mid sasss to mid sasss, he changed the way to play tenor saxophone and the art of Jazz itself. Lester Young based on George and Aria Gershwins l Got Rhythm written Lester Leaps In. Like the bands other head arrangements, it features improvised solos built around a central riff, but where we might expect more of the bands usual free-for-all virtuosity, this record is a study in minimalism. (Vocation 5118, 1939) His tone is fine ND sounds quite sweet, at the end of his songs are always slow and full of perceptual statement, though in his early music career, his tenor saxophone was criticized for being too weak, but time proves that he can occupy an important position in music. Lester Young, who influenced co ol Jazz more than other musician, His saxophone playing used gentle and light sound, in contrast to the clangorous detonation approach of players like Coleman Hawkins. Young was clever in its used of rhythm, instead of driving it.When he started his solos, he wanted to underscore hat melodic development, rather than hot phrases or rhythm change. (http:// en. Wisped. Org/wick/Cool_Jazz). Young music is the mixture of powerful, angry, brave, and beautiful and some free-thinking tradition of Jazz, which demonstrates a feast of music and shows the truly human feeling. He was certainly a spiritual guide. He was the one and only Lester Young-?indisputably one of the most influential figures in post-swing Jazz and the effective creator of the Chicago tenor sound.Telling the truth, he expanded the language of music and leaves an indelible personal legacy for traditional Jazz. Young even influenced the way Jazz artists talk. In addition to his wonderful music, young most enduring the legacy has been his memorable persona. Although it was not his intention, Young became an early model for the modern-day (2003 30th studios, Chicago) In his short music life, Young has left a rich musical heritage. Section His solo Young had matured and his music style changed when he left the military.Some people thought that military changed his life and lose his craft. However, he was once again played with the style, and everyone changed their opinion. The theme of Lester Leaps In is based on Rhythm-change, vamps in the A-sections and have an improvised bridge over a circle of fifths. Young more or less disregards the chord changes in the A-sections and plays around the Bob-chord. This transcription contains Young first two solo choruses, omitting his later chase with Basis. All best. When I listened to his song sad eyes, I started to wonder what the story was behind it.Melody sounded in that moment, around the time and the air seems solidified general. Maybe young want to get a wonderful life, the expression of unman civilization and seek peace and happiness. In fact, he had also some happy memories of his childhood. When he played The man I love . The man was his father on his mind, and it always brought back his happy memories. However, as the music goes on, his solo can makes complicated changes in low tone with large extent, it was different from the melody . With the fast paced rule changed, his emotional changed as well.He wanted to tell listeners his painful life, Like the war, poverty and racial injustice. In later works, Young solos sadder and wiser than before. After that, Young solos sadder and wiser than before. After that, he was both an alcoholic and addicted to cocaine.. During that time, he totally forgot himself and lost self-esteem. The reason why he wasted time and abused drugs, because of his military career. I believe that life is not fair, get on it. That contradictory thought was hard to express his emotion, he always held high his saxophone when he played solos. These way make the difference from others.Section Comparison I would draw some comparisons between Lester Young and other musicians. Comparisons with some musicians like Hawkins and Ben Webster. Young music can directly move our inner world. Instead Hawkins style that was very sharp and full of ambition and he was the most strongly associated with the swing music g band era, he had played important role in the development of bebop in the sass. Hawkins always had a keen ear for new talent and styles (Wakefield Foundation, 28 September 2012). He also had a great contribution on the period from the tradition Jazz to the Swing Era.And the three great musicians are considered the big three of swing tenors. Hawkins was a talking, walking Jazz composition-?a living exercise in artistic improvisation. Lester Young thought Coleman Hawkins was the President first, he was the second one. Miles Davis once also said: When I heard Hawk, I learned to play ballads. To that extent, Hawkins is also a powerful person at music. But there is some different style between Hawkins and Young, Hawkins played around harmonic ways while Young played flurries of notes and had a huge tone that the other tenor players of the day emulated. As we all know, Lester Young was also called Perez, cause Billie Holiday felt that Americas greatest people, should be President Roosevelt, and in Jazz music, Young deserves the name Perez from the President is also a proper. And there are something in common between Hawkins and Young, they all wore the same uniform with difference on their collar and cap on stage, that has been part of Jazz tradition and the western blues ever since. Young accomplishments and playing skills helped define a generation and changed the Jazz field. Hawkins was hot, Young played was cool.And Young always came up with a impolitely different conception in his play. His play was simple and relaxed, not with the feeling of rocking Jazz but quite a melodious song. I believe, in the later years, he abused drug, Young play was not always at the same level. However, there are some bright spots such as the five discos Lester Young in Washington D. C. 1956 and forum 2010) These two collections show that his style of music is still popular on the world. Section Conclusion Both in the past and now, music in our life have played a big role, because music can make our lives richer and more colorful.

Dulce Et Decorum Est Essays - Dulce Et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen

Dulce Et Decorum Est Essays - Dulce Et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen Dulce et Decorum Est Based on the Poem "Dulce et Decorum Est" by Wilfred Owens The poem is one of the most powerful ways to convey an idea or opinion. Through vivid imagery and compelling metaphors, the poem gives the reader the exact feeling the author wanted. The poem "Dulce et Decorum Est," an anti-war poem by Wilfred Owen, makes great use of these devices. This poem is very effective because of its excellent manipulation of the mechanical and emotional parts of poetry. Owen's use of exact diction and vivid figurative language emphasizes his point, showing that war is terrible and devastating. Furthermore, the utilization of extremely graphic imagery adds even more to his argument. Through the effective use of all three of these tools, this poem conveys a strong meaning and persuasive argument. The poem's use of excellent diction helps to more clearly define what the author is saying. Words like "guttering", "choking", and "drowning" not only show how the man is suffering, but that he is in terrible pain that no human being should endure. Other words like writhing and froth-corrupted say precisely how the man is being tormented. Moreover, the phrase "blood shod" shows how the troops have been on their feet for days, never resting. Also, the fact that the gassed man was "flung" into the wagon reveals the urgency and occupation with fighting. The only thing they can do is toss him into a wagon. The fact one word can add to the meaning so much shows how the diction of this poem adds greatly to its effectiveness. Likewise, the use of figurative language in this poem also helps to emphasize the points that are being made. As Perrine says, people use metaphors because they say "...what we want to say more vividly and forcefully..." Owen capitalizes greatly on this by using strong metaphors and similes. Right off in the first line, he describes the troops as being "like old beggars under sacks." This not only says that they are tired, but that they are so tired they have been brought down to the level of beggars who have not slept in a bed for weeks on end. Owen also compares the victim's face to the devil, seeming corrupted and baneful. A metaphor even more effective is one that compares "...vile, incurable sores..." with the memories of the troops. It not only tells the reader how the troops will never forget the experience, but also how they are frightening tales, ones that will the troops will never be able to tell without remembering the extremely painful experience. These comparisons illustrate the point so vividly that they increase the effectiveness of the poem. The most important means of developing the effectiveness of the poem is the graphic imagery. They evoke such emotions so as to cause people to become sick. The images can draw such pictures that no other poetic means can, such as in line twenty-two: "Come gargling from the froth corrupted lungs." This can be disturbing to think about. It shows troops being brutally slaughtered very vividly, evoking images in the reader's mind. In the beginning of the poem the troops were portrayed as "drunk with fatigue." With this you can almost imagine large numbers of people dragging their boots through the mud, tripping over their own shadow. Later in the poem when the gas was dropped, it painted a psychological image that would disturb the mind. The troops were torn out of their nightmarish walk and surrounded by gas bombs. How everyone, in "an ecstasy of fumbling" was forced to run out into the mist, unaware of their fate. Anyone wanting to fight in a war would become nervous at the image of himself running out into a blood bath. The graphic images displayed here are profoundly affecting and can never be forgotten. The poem ties it all together in the last few lines. In Latin, the phrase "Dulce et decorum est pro partria mori" means: "It is sweet and becoming to die for one's country." Owen calls this a lie by using good diction, vivid comparisons, and graphic images to have the reader feel disgusted at what war is capable of. This poem is

Community Health & Social Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Community Health & Social Care - Essay Example This research highlights  obesity is a medical condition that arises as a result of an excess of body fat. Obesity is determined using the body mass index (BMI), which is derived using a person’s weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. A person is overweight when the BMI is greater than 25 while obesity is a BMI value of 30 and over. Obesity reduces the quality of a person’s life and makes a person vulnerable to a lot of serious medical complications. Persons suffering from obesity are highly vulnerable to medical complications such as osteoarthritis, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart diseases and certain cancers. With such medical complications within a society, health facilities experience a serious strain as well as high mortality rates.From this essay it is clear that  the World Health Organisation points out that the number of people who are obese is higher than the number of overweight people across the world. Drastic change in lifestyle is the main contributing factor to this phenomenon, where many people have tuned to sedentary lifestyles. This lifestyle does not demand a lot physically. In today’s modern world, majority of people are using personal cars, washing machines, lifts and computers, making them less physically active most of the time. Leisure times such as watching TV while eating foods that have high calorie levels increases further a person’s risk of being obese.

Macro Environment assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macro Environment - Assignment Example o detect impact it will basically involve the use of transistors or other semiconductor components that involves the use of Silicon as the basic material for building the device. The technology also involves the use of mobile and other communication technology such as GPS. The mobile technology will be used to automatically dial 911 in case of accidents and GPS would be used to give the location of the accident site to the 911 operator so that help can arrive swiftly. The GPS technology is very much an essential component in this case as no human being might be present or the driver himself might not be in a position to physically communicate the occurrence of the accident or the place to the operator. All of the required resources are easily available in the US and non availability of resources won’t be a problem with regards to the manufacture of the device. The US is a country which has been a mixed breed of different cultures races and ethnicity. The country is a hot bed for migration and most of its population is made up of migratory people from different countries across the globe. This has led to a diverse and multifaceted cultural diversity in the country. The country has a population that is comprised of people of different age group but most of its population is of the older generation. The buyer for the new technology has been identified as Ford motor company. However the ultimate buyer of the new technology is likely to belong from every culture or races that are present in the country. Since safety is an issue that is seen as a major area of concern irrespective of the culture or religion or race or creed or sex to which one belongs. However, with aging population the concern for road safety and the likely adoption of this potential life saving technology is likely to increase. The America represents a country which is led by innovations. The American economy has been fuelled by innovations. There are large of new start-ups that are formed in

Symptoms Of Disorganized Schizophrenia Psychology Essay

Symptoms Of Disorganized Schizophrenia Psychology Essay Schizophrenia  is a severe mental disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations and physical agitation; which typically causes such patients to severely misjudge the distinction between reality and their imagination. Schizophrenias prevalence in the world was highlighted as 26th in the list of diseases, ranked according to their contribution to their overall burden to society as a whole according to a study done by Murray and Lopez, 1996. For example, it is estimated to have cost the NHS an outstanding  £4.7 billion in the UK during 2004/05 [25]. In addition in this essay I will discuss a range of elements, from what factors increase the susceptibility of inducing schizophrenia and the current treatments on offer that will help alleviate common symptoms. The disease itself has a broad influence on several other prominent factors, involving both the individuals themselves but also the global community, which will be later discussed, in regards to their social and economic co ntext. Schizophrenia is such an enormous problem since no permanent cure currently exists. Types of schizophrenia There are 3 specific classes of schizophrenia [2]: Paranoid schizophrenia Disorganized schizophrenia Catatonic schizophrenia Symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia The dominant feature of paranoid schizophrenia is excessive suspicion and delusions of being oppressed. Symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia Disorganized schizophrenia usually becomes visible at an earlier age in comparison to the other types of schizophrenia. Individuals with disorganized schizophrenia struggle with the responsibility of supporting themselves. Therefore may be incapable of fulfilling basics needs, for example, being able to feed themselves. The following includes additional symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia: Weakened ability to communicate Slurred speech Immature behaviour Expression of inappropriate feelings, in the wrong situation. Symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia The interference in movement summaries catatonic schizophrenia: This can either be a decline in motor neuron activity (stupor state) or a rise in motor neuron activity (excited state). Stuporous (a  state  of unresponsiveness) motor signs. Sudden stoppage of all intentional movement and dialogue. Excited motor signs.  Occasionally, schizophrenics may drastically change from a state of stupor to a state of extreme exhilaration. Throughout this hyperactive phase, they may illustrate rapid speech or uncontrollable movement and even act out in violence, either self-inflicting or to someone else Example of the Symptoms of Schizophrenia [6] The following summarises common symptoms that arise in schizophrenics: Hallucinations Sudden changes in behaviour Depression Delusions Loss of insight What causes schizophrenia? The cause for schizophrenia has been the subject of vigorous debate, with numerous elements being proposed, discounted or amended. In contrary to this, it has to this day not yet been diagnosed by scientists to be solely induced by one particular factor. It is however thought to be a result of a combination of elements, which differ in every patient. Recent studies have suggested that the following have been significant contributors consisting of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, for example, prenatal development, genetics, psychology and neurobiology. [3] Genetic causes of schizophrenia Schizophrenia has a strong hereditary component which is shown to run in families, but no individual gene is accountable. It has been said that a combination of genes pose the potential to make people more susceptible to the disorder. In addition, people genetically predisposed to the condition have not always illustrated its symptoms, meaning that the biology of it will not guarantee having the condition. Studies imply that genes account for half (estimate) the risk of developing schizophrenia. Individuals with a parent or sibling who suffers from schizophrenia have a 10% chance of developing the illness, in comparison to the 1% chance of the general population. Identical twins who have precisely the same genetic make-up as one another, if one of the two siblings has schizophrenia, their twin has a 48% probability of developing it too. For example, Gottesman (1991) obtained data from the Maudsley twin register and then examined the records of 40 schizophrenics studies between 1948 and 1964.  Through statistical analysis he determined that 48% of the twins who were monozygotic (identical developed from one oocyte) happened to be concordant (when both have or both lack a given trait) and for dizygotic (not identical developed from two oocyte) only 16%.   This further demonstrates that schizophrenia is not solely genetic; otherwise the concordance for MZ twins would be 100%. Provided below is a table illustrating additional information regarding the risk of developing schizophrenia for different individuals [4]. Relatives with schizophrenia Chance of developing schizophrenia None 1 in 100 1 parent 1 in 10 1 identical twin (same genetic make-up) 1 in 2 1 non-identical twin (different genetic make-up) 1 in 80 Table 1: This table illustrates the risk of individuals developing schizophrenia if someone in their family has been diagnosed. Environmental causes of schizophrenia As discussed previously inherited genes make an individual greater exposed to schizophrenia and moreover environmental factors can too then act on this vulnerability to trigger the condition. In regards to the environmental aspects involved, on-going research is indicating the contribution of stress, either throughout pregnancy or at a further phase of life. High levels of stress activate schizophrenia by increasing the bodys manufacture of the steroid hormone cortisol. Cortisol normally controls the bodies fight or flight response, although long-term exposure can damage and reduce the number of nerve cells in the hippocampus, the brains primary memory centre. As a result theres a decline in the transmission of nerve impulses for memory recall, this damage results in memory loss and impaired learning, features associated with the mental disorder. Pregnancy where maternal stress is likely to be induced could possibly affect the development of the baby according to Gilmore Murrays study in 2006 [8] [23]. To determine whether prenatal stress alters neural, hormonal, and behavioural processes, in an experiment they carried out, pregnant rhesus monkeys were deliberately stressed frequently for 6 weeks of their pregnancy with various stimuli. Between 2-3 years of age, hippocampal volume, neurogenesis (generation of neurons), and cortisol levels were monitored in the offspring produced from both stressed and control pregnancies. Prenatal stress caused a reduced hippocampal volume and an inhibition of neurogenesis. These findings indicate that the prenatal environment can alter behaviour and affect the hippocampal structure of primates in a persistent manner. Furthermore if the mother happens to be anxious (stressed) while pregnant, there have been noticeable results suggesting reduced blood flow to the baby via the uterine arteries; blood vessels that supply nutrition and blood to the uterus. This could justify abnormalities in the development of the baby and the mothers high cortisol levels (a dominant stress hormone) could too pass onto the foetus. If adequate cortisol transports through the placenta from the mother to the foetus. This in turn could potentially affect the development of the brain and the future stress responses of the baby, thereby enhancing the risk of schizophrenia arising. Studies point to numerous stress-inducing environmental influences that may be related to schizophrenia, for example [22]: Inadequate oxygen levels during labour (due to prolonged labour or premature birth) Exposure to a virus during infancy e.g. T Gondi Drug abuse A relationship between marijuana use and the disorder has been suggested several years ago (Andreasson, Allebeck et al. 1987).   These conclusions have been validated by additional research.   Fundamentally, the deductions drawn from many of these reports were that marijuana use can induce psychosis.  Ã‚   For example, according to Thomas H, he stated the occurrence of psychotic symptoms amongst marijuana users in a random selection of volunteers from New Zealand. Fourteen percent of cannabis users described strange, unpleasant experiences such as hearing voices or becoming convinced that someone is trying to harm you or that you are being persecuted after consuming the substance. Such symptoms are frequent with schizophrenics too. [29] In addition Mathers DC conducted a study of patients residing in two London hospitals whose urine was investigated for the presence of cannabinoids (the active constituents of cannabis). They found a link between the presence of cannabinoids in urine and the disorder. This suggests a potential correlation and not entirely causual link, either that cannabis use increases the likely hood of being predisposed to a mental illness or that substance abuse is commonly adopted with post diagnosis [28]. The reliability of this data can be disputed even though it is a published study, a sample size made up of two individuals is notably small, especially when schizophrenia affects 1% of the global population, hence it may not be appropriate in statistical representation of the entire population because fewer risk factors can be taken into account to generate sound data, prove that a correlation exists and thus make any hypothesis meaningful. The cannabinoids found in cannabis, once consumed are thought to interfere with normal neural transmissions. The normal release of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and dopamine (chemicals that help transmit impulses) from post synaptic neurons are seen to be inhibited (Gill et al, 1970). In turn excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurons were dramatically reduced. If this process becomes perpetual prominent effects of cannabinoids include disruption of psychomotor behaviour (such as speech and coordination) and shortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ term memory impairment [33].  In addition psychomotor retardation consists of several symptoms that have been acknowledged in schizophrenia. However there is miniscule evidence that such impairments are permanent stated by Manuel Morrens study in 2006. Abnormal brain structure Due to the progression in neuroimaging, technology now allows scientists to examine functions in living organisms and in particular brain structure. Investigations involving schizophrenics have identified irregularities in brain structure according to Johnstone (1976) [27]. Such as the expansion of the ventricles (fluid-filled cavities), the decline in size and metabolic activity in particular brain regions. These brain ventricles signify an insufficiency in the volume of brain matter. In addition evidence of abnormally low activity in the frontal lobe; the area of the brain accountable for higher order functioning including; speech and decision-making has too been gathered. Which could explain why schizophrenics experience slurred speech. Regardless of the evidence of brain abnormalities, it is doubtful that schizophrenia is caused by a single issue in any one area of the brain. Moreover microscopic studies of dead brain tissue in schizophrenics have also illustrated slight alterati ons in the distribution of brain cells. However these defects are not characteristic of  all  people with schizophrenia, neither do they happen  solely in people with the disorder. [7][8] This image is of 28-year-old identical twins, one with schizophrenia and the other well. Hence it clearly illustrates two points: (1) schizophrenia is a brain disease with measurable structural and functional abnormalities in the brain; and (2) it is not solely a genetic disease, and that other biological elements contribute in its etiology. C:UsersRahmanDocumentsSchizopherniaschizophrenia-brains-identical-twins.jpg Figure 1 MRI scans of 28-year-old identical male twins showing the enlarged brain ventricles in the twin with schizophrenia (right) compared to his well brother (left) Neurotransmitters Brain cells need messages to be transported between them; neurotransmitters are the chemicals that carry out this requirement. Neurotransmitters and schizophrenia have shown to demonstrate a relationship since medicines that adjust the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain are recognized to alleviate a few of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Therefore schizophrenia could possibly be triggered by an alteration in the level of the two neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine chemicals that help transmit nerve impulses from one nerve cell (neurone) to another across a synapse (gap between two neurones), investigations have suggested [7][8]. Lastly the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine thought to reduce relapse time (suffer deterioration after a period of improvement), which too blocks dopamine-receptor complexes forming suggests that an imbalance of the two could possibly be the foundation of the problem. Genes In addition in 2006 a Gene linked to schizophrenia had been found, a University team from Edinburgh found people predisposed with what is called Neuregulin (gene) had a higher chance of developing similar psychotic symptoms. The longitudinal study followed a group of 200, of the same age and gender, for a period of 10 years. [9][10][11] This study could be deemed reliable to an extent, seeing as though 10 years is an extremely substantial amount of time, hence a vast amount of data could be collected to either support or disprove the theory. In addition by following individuals of the same age and gender, further risk factors that could influence the results were controlled. Meaning the data would be valid, because any results would be more likely to be influenced by genes alone. Neuregulin 3 is clearly one more gene to add to the few currently known to contribute to schizophrenia, says David Valle, director of the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at Hopkins. Pregnancy and birth complications The following circumstances increase the risk of the child developing schizophrenia later in life [8]: Exposure to a virus while in the womb Asphyxia (Lack of oxygen) during birth Malnutrition during pregnancy (Susser et al. 1996) How is schizophrenia treated? Due to the cause for schizophrenia still being undetermined, treatments target alleviating the symptoms. These include the use of both antipsychotic medication and various other psychosocial management techniques. Antipsychotic drugs assist in normalizing the biochemical imbalances that cause schizophrenia. Antipsychotic medications Medications used to treat schizophrenia are referred to as antipsychotics. Antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists they block receptors on the surface of neurons. How do antipsychotic drugs work? Neurons (nerve cells) carry electrical impulses through their branches. Neurons communicate chemically by sending out bursts of chemical signals (neurotransmitters NTs) into the synapse (space between neurons) and then sticking to receptors on receiving neuron. Receptors are shaped to fit with specific NTs and generate a new signal/change in the receiving cell. Molecules of antipsychotic drugs are deliberately shaped so that they stick to the dopamine receptors first; therefore preventing the binding of NTs so no signal goes through to the post-synaptic/receiving cell. [30] G:BlackBerrypicturesIMG00079-20130303-1521.jpg Figure 2 The picture above illustrates how the antipsychotic drug works by blocking the receptors on the post-synaptic neuron. The following include frequently used medicine [13]: Chlorpromazine C:UsersRahmanDocumentsSchizopherniaChlorpromazine 2D skeletal.png Figure 3 This picture illustrates the chemical composition of the antipsychotic Clozapine.Haloperidol Ondansetron Clozapine Clozapine as mentioned above is an effective drug utilized in treating psychotic symptoms, for example, hallucinations or long breaks with reality. Because antipsychotic drugs inhibit neurotransmitter and receptor complexes forming, such nerve impulses cannot be passed on through the neural pathway. In turn this prevents such thoughts from being processed by the CNS (central nervous system), including the brain and hence the patient doesnt encounter similar problems as before. However it too has its drawbacks, it can occasionally result in the loss of white blood cells which assist the immune system to fight off infection. As a result clozapine users require regular weekly blood tests in order to have their white blood cell count checked [26]. Moreover such a side effect can become an issue where health services are limited in availability, as well as the problem of being able to cope with the cost of blood tests and medicine, making treatment with clozapine demanding for a large majority of individuals. However clozapine is potentially valuable for those who have developed a resistance to alternative antipsychotic medication. What are the side effects? Further side effects may occur when schizophrenics begin taking their medication. Side effects of many antipsychotics include [14]: Tiredness Light-headedness Obscured vision Increased heart rate Inflammation Menstrual complications for women. One of the challenges with any form of medication is that a minority of individuals unable to tolerate the adverse side effects of the drug prescribed for their condition terminate its use into several months of their treatment. Furthermore in reference to a more serious medical note, persistent use (over several years) of antipsychotic drugs pose the risk of developing tardive dyskinesia (TD), a disorder categorised by involuntary movements. This may involve jerk movements of the limps (arms or legs) and certain other features of the body. However it only occurs in between 15-20% of all cases. The symptoms of TD are minor, to the extent where patients could possibly be unaware [13]. Its cause is supposed to be a result of prolonged inhibition of dopamine D2  receptors (a cell that dopamine binds to) which is thought to cause a surge in the quantity of D2  receptors in the striated section of the brain (regulates muscle contraction). This increase of D2  receptors enhances the chance of dopamine-receptor complexes forming, thereby leading to further impulsive muscle contraction. [34] Moreover typical antipsychotics can lead to severe obesity and alterations in a persons metabolism. This in turn can increase the possibility of diabetes and high cholesterol levels forming (therefore there is a need for doctors to regularly monitor a persons weight, glucose levels and liquid levels). Psychosocial Treatments (Alternative Treatment) Along with the more common psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia, for example, hallucinations, which antipsychotic drugs have demonstrated to alleviate. Patients are still left dealing with the behavioural difficulties of the condition. This treatment aims to ease psychological distress through a more personal and interactive process, rather than the use of medication. The following include methods in helping to treat these behavioural issues [5]: Individual/Group Psychotherapy consists of repeated scheduled talks between the patient(s) and a psychiatrist. Giving him/her the opportunity to discuss the difficulties that leave them feeling distressed in an intimate and safe environment. In turn the weight off having to deal with the problem alone can be removed, the psychiatrist can then provide an explanation for the suffering that is progressive that is, the patient understands something can be done to mend the situation. This leads them to conducting themselves in a healthier and active manner, whether it is thinking more positively or they learn how to maintain better relationships. This seems to be effective because the patient is given the self-belief that any improvements are down to their own merit. Family Education This involves teaching several coping techniques to families for the purpose of dealing more effectively with their ill relative. Relatives can be crucial tools when dealing with schizophrenics, with their support and guidance patients can find some form of normality and alleviate the effects of solitude, just one of the many symptoms of the condition. In general with the combination of medicinal and psychosocial treatment, patients quality of life of can be drastically improved. However dont be deceived, the treatment process for some individuals can be difficult to follow, in reference to drug side effects treatment may be discontinued. This is where relatives can be vital in assisting that patients do not relapse. C:UsersRahmanDocumentsSchizopherniapsychiatry-couch2.jpg Figure 4 this picture illustrates a comfortable environment, typically in a psychiatrics place of practice where the patient can discuss his feelings on topics that cause concern and thereby hopefully reduce his psychological suffering. This should improve his quality of life. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ECT is scarcely implemented in the treatment of schizophrenia (e.g. exceptions may include when there is a high risk of suicide). The following describes how the treatment would typically be conducted [32]; The patient will have a pulse oximeter connected to them, in order to monitor blood oxygen levels. Electrodes will then be placed onto the recipients chest so that the electrical activity across the patients heart can be observed using an electrocardiogram (ECG) In addition an  electroencephalogram (EEG)  will too be simultaneously utilized to monitor brain activity The monitoring of blood pressure is imperative, so that any faults during the treatment can be identified immediately; hence a blood pressure cuff is positioned onto the recipients arm. Using a sharp hollow needle connected to a transparent tube, access to the blood vessel is obtained for the administration of drugs A sedated state is induced using the appropriate drugs to prevent erratic movement and a constant supply of oxygen is provided throughout the procedure. Next a bite block is placed in the patients mouth because the jaw tightens during the treatment and weakened teeth could break. Additional electrodes are placed onto the head; the electrical current is then applied through the scalp of the brain causing a seizure to occur. What the seizures are thought to do vary, suggestions include causing alterations in brain chemistry, especially in the balance of neurotransmitters, and hence the brain can function normally because nerve impulses are neither slowed down or too fast. An alternative theory suggests that ECT can stimulate the growth of new cells and nerve pathways in certain areas of the brain, as a resultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which can quickly inverse the symptoms of such an illness, the specifics yet remain unknown (Wahlund B   Von Rosen D, 2003). Evidence from randomised control trials (RCTs) have shown restricted success, lasting short term (Cochrane Schizophrenia Group, 1999). The typical side effects that arise seem to include; muscle aches, headaches and memory loss instantly after the procedure. Disadvantages of Psychosocial Treatments With any form of treatment, certain limitations will always follow; this includes that psychotherapy will naturally take a significantly longer span of time, in order for noticeable improvements to be seen in patients in comparison to drug therapy [24]. This is because psychotherapy very much depends on the use of the patients own mental experiences to bring about the desired changes, whereas drugs will have the desired effect regardless. Moreover in regards to the financial aspect of the treatment, it can too place a severe burden on health services to facilitate either group or individual therapy sessions at the tax payers expense, it has been estimated to cost society  £2 Billion in direct cost of treatment in 2004/05 (Mangalore R, Knapp M, 2007). In addition psychotherapy alone is not completely successful and effective in people with  a severe psychological state, so drugs can sometimes be the only form of treatment. Research into Stem Cell Treatment for Schizophrenia (Potential Treatment in the Future) Stem cells are unspecialized cells that hold the potential to differentiate into any type of cell found within the human body [19]. The National Institutes of Health states that stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. [15] Stem cells hold the potential of great breakthroughs in the science community, in this case the possibility of an effective cure being manufactured in the future. However since our current limitations with the research, for example, problems with deliberate cell differentiation and the undetermined cause for schizophrenia such research has been delayed not till another 50-100 years so our understanding of stem cells is at an adequate level. However there are ethical issues that would arise in treating schizophrenia with stem cell therapy once scientifically possible. For the predominant reason that the pluripotent stem cells needed for research are solely present in embryos and the extraction of these would result in its death. For those people who believe that life begins at conception, this may be perceived as murder, seeing as though a viable life had been forcefully refused and to destroy it is immoral [15]. Furthermore like any other new technology, because we have not had a vast amount of time to study it to gather sufficient information on its broad impact; it is completely unknown what the long-term effects of such an intrusion with nature could mean to society. Such as will patients grow an extra arm in 10 years from the point of its use? Lastly stem cells derived from embryos that are not a patients own may be identified as a foreign body, so may be rejected. Therefore stem cell therapy may not always be appro priate. Although in order to balance the argument, stem cell therapy could be substantially beneficial to our society, it could potentially mean a cure, where patients would no longer suffer from the condition after treatment, resulting in a better quality of life. It could therefore replace conventional types of treatment e.g. medicine that are prescribed on a regular/life time basis. Thereby removing the pain inflicted on peoples lives caused by side effects and limits they can place such as, not being able to work from being too tired but more importantly reducing the burden placed on society by schizophrenia, for example, the financial expense of producing drugs. Furthermore if the development of new drugs in this area are no longer as important, a by-product could mean fewer pressures to experiment on animals, which is a constituent of the drug development cycle. Hence animals would be subject to less brutality such experiments hold. With anything, the pros and cons must be weighted out , so that a decision suiting the majority is made. C:UsersRahmanDocumentsSchizopherniaStem cells.jpg Figure 5 This illustration depicts pluripotent stem cells ability to differentiate into a range of cells found in our bodies, for example, neurons. Modelling schizophrenia using human induced pluripotent stem cells Research carried out by Professor Fred Gage, an expert in genetics has successfully been able to induce pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) created from schizophrenic patients. Sages study published in the journal Nature (April 13, 2011) suggests both that neurons formed from such individuals made fewer links with each other in comparison to neurons found in non-sufferers of the condition. Such research will have a variety of beneficial impacts, including as stated by Gage [20][21]: With further research there is potential of possibly replacing such abnormal neurons related to the condition with healthy ones.This model not only affords us the opportunity to look at live neurons from schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals to understand more about the disease mechanism, but also to screen for drugs that may be effective in reversing it. C:UsersRahmanDocumentsSchizopherniastem cells from schizophrenics.jpg Figure 6 This picture illustrates the healthy neural pathway in the brain generated from schizophrenia patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. The Cost of Schizophrenia to Society: Economical Implication Also, for the government, especially in the UK where health care is provided free of charge, people with schizophrenia can be a severe financial constraint. Because such patients suffer from numerous debilitating  symptoms, including depression and hallucinations. Doctors will prescribe medication in order to combat this, in this instance antidepressants (e.g. prozac) or antipsychotics of which both need to be paid for. This cost is financed by the tax payers, the problem doesnt stop there. With any drug, side effects are present as a result of its usage; doctors too prescribe further medicine to treat these symptoms. The domino effect of over scribing medicine leaves the country with an overwhelming financial cost. In regards to Mangalore and Knapps study in 2007 indirect societal costs for schizophrenia were estimated to once have had an expenditure of  £4.7 billion in the UK in 2004/05 [25]. According to Marwaha Johnsons journal published in 2004, it showed that amongst those with long-term mental health problems in particular schizophrenia, only 24% were employed [18]. As a result, in order for such people to maintain a standard of living, such as being able to purchase food and pay rent on their homes, they will usually claim an incapacity benefit entitling them to some money per week. This cost will be supplemented by the government once again, adding to the total financial burden left by mental disorder patients. Social Implication The improper treatment and dismissal of the symptoms of schizophrenia can be overwhelming for the patient and those surrounding him/her.  Examples of the possible effects of schizophrenia include the following: Suffering from schizophrenia can make being employed and retaining relationships immensely challenging, because such patients frequently suffer from relapses, typically involving hallucinations; whereby the patient claims to see things that arent really there. This can cause them to develop trust issues and communication problems, sometimes feeling that they are being persecuted by the individuals themselves. As a result, the patients keep themselves isolated, disregarding their support or even presence. This may ultimately lead to the loss of relationships, which can have a psychological toll on the family members too who care for the person, knowing that they may never truly embrace the same person again. In addition schizophrenics ar